Module 8 Flashcards
How do we define memory?
learning that has lasted, been stored and can be retrieved
Most memories are processed ______. Examples
= automatically
-last seen phone
-what page finish on
-how many times friend text
-familiar info
Certain activities like saying a colour out loud which is highlighted in a different colour are very difficult. Why and how is memory involved? What is it called?
the Stroop effect
-certain associations are so deeply ingrained in our memory
-delay in the reaction between automatic and controlled processing of info
What are memory models/theories? Example
= abstractly describe the general way the mind processes information
-diagrams
What is the information-processing model of memory?
= view the mind like a computer
-encoding (put in info)
-storage (hold/save)
-retrieval (access info)
What does the early version of the modal model of the mind look like? What is it called? Draw it ;)
multi-store model
1. sensory input
2. sensory store —–> decay
3. short-term store —–> forgetting
4. long-term store ——> forgetting
What are the problems with the multi-store model?
the probability that STM -> LTM is time = WRONG
-doesn’t always happen
-processing info is the key
What does the modern modal model look like and how does it work? Draw it
-sensory input
1. sensory memory
-attention
2. working memory (maintenance rehearsal)
-encoding
-retrieval
3. long-term memory
What is auditory sensory memory called?
How long does it last?
Echoic memory
-3-4 seconds
What is visual sensory memory called?
How long does it last?
Iconic memory
-less than 1 second
What are the core characteristics of sensory memory?
-accessible even when not intentionally inputting
-need to work on it to get it to working memory
What did Sperling’s research show, and how?
= iconic memory
-brief 9 letters, 50% letters remembered
-pitch = row, report more accurately
if you work at it, and have a cue to cause the memory to work then it will be reported back better
What does the model look like for working memory?
Draw
central executive
-visuospatial sketchpad
-episodic buffer
-phonological loop
What does the visuospatial sketchpad of working memory do?
the inner eye in the model, and it represents a place where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated
What is the phonological loop of working memory?
where auditory and verbal information is temporarily stored and manipulated
What is the episodic buffer of working memory?
successive events that are turned into united memory
What is long-term memory and what are its key characteristics?
= stores everything that we know
-long duration
-passive
-huge capacity
What does the long-term memory model look like? Draw
LTM
= declarative (explicit)
-facts
-events
= non-declarative (implicit)
-skills & habits
-priming
-classical conditioning
What evidence is there for the rehearsal of the phonological loop?
-words with fewer syllables (remembered more)
-position curve (first few and last few are remembered more)
What can working memory do to increase its storage?
-if not rehearsed how many things can we remember?
-if not rehearsed how long can we remember?
-how to increase how many things we remember?
-parallel processing (phonological)
-7 +/- 2
-15-30 secs
-group, organize, manipulate, bits, repeat
What is the evidence for the visuospatial sketchpad?
-test of mental rotation
-house visualization
-mental scans show processing
What is dual-task performance and how does it relate to WM?
-can do two things at once as long as they don’t use the same component
What are tips for strong memory?
-practice (encoding + retrieval)
-expand rehearsal (overtime)
-organize it (levels of processing)
What are the 4 main ways of organizing?
= mnemonics
-Never Eat Shredded Wheat (north, east, south, west)…
= visualization
-associate images, diagrams…
= chunking
-grouping, bits…
= hierarchies
-number and name, most important to least…
Draw out the diagram for the levels of processing
= deep
-semantic (meaning relationships) (top pyramid)
-phonetic (rhyme relationships)
-orthographic (letter relationships) (bottom pyramid)
= shallow
Describe the Clive Wearing case study
-hippocampus destroyed
-only has 7-30 sec long memory
-everything before is remembered, nothing after
-can still play music, conduct, knows wife with no recollection of doing it
Describe the H.M. case study
-hippocampus removed for epilepsy
-no long term memories
-before surgery = safe
-after surgery = no good
How does the hippocampus play a role in long and short-term memory?
-important for long-term memories
-no role in short-term memories
What do the case studies indicate regarding memory storage?
-hippocampus is not where LT memories are stored
-the area that converts ST to LT
What did we learn specifically from H.M. regarding the hippocampus?
= could not remember facts, names, images…
-declarative LT formed in the hippocampus
-non-declarative LT not (motor skills are learnt)
Define long-term potentiation
-a memory mechanism
-synapses change to fire together
-more fire = less stimulation needed
What is flashbulb memory?
strong emotion at the time of encoding helps us form stronger memories
What is the limit to flashbulb memory?
-long-term stress can interfere if every second is a strong emotion they no longer stand out
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
= have to retrieve it with no hints/help/visual aid
= pick from multiple choice
What is state-dependent learning?
we remember best when in the same setting that we learned
How do moods affect memory?
sad = sad memories
happy = happy memories
What are the 2 types of forgetting? Explain
= errors of commission
-wrong info
= errors of omission/transience
-no access/no remember
Errors of omission examples
- absent-mindedness (not paying attention, not important)
- interference (retroactive (new/old) vs proactive (old/new))
- blocking (missing cues, tip of the tongue)
What are the 4 types of errors of commission
- misattribution (remember info wrong)
- suggestibility (suggest bad info -> memory)
- bias (expectation + experience)
- persistence (arise when unsought - PTSD)
What are scripts and schemas? How do they impact memory?
scripts - fill in familiar events in memory
schema - facts and info (highly organized) that give context/structure to memory
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
-make encoding and retrieval similar to what should be expected from testing
Differentiate between retroactive and proactive interference
retroactive
-new info blocks old info
-new student number block memory of old student number
proactive
-old info blocks new info
-a habit of turning the light on the outside when it is not there anymore
What is the tip-of-the-tongue state? What did we learn about what to do if you’re in this state?
= blocking
-the processing is not connecting properly, know but just can’t remember
-give up
What is hyperthymesia?
= “photographic memory”
-can remember everything
Differentiate between retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
-how
-what happens
= retrograde
-hit head
-forget before the trauma can be months/years
= anterograde
-specific brain damage to the hippocampus
-no new memories
What are search metaphors?
proccess of relating memory to physical/virtual space
