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PSY 1101 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 systems of learning?

A

-NS changes
-adapt behaviours
-environment interactions

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2
Q

State the 4 types of learning

A

-habituation
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-observed learning

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3
Q

What is the definition of habituation?

A

the decline in responsiveness after repeated stimulus
-familiar = less response

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4
Q

What kind of behaviour is habituation known for?

A

simple reflexive

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5
Q

What does habituation demonstrate?

A

memory

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6
Q

What studies tend to use habituation?

A

animal and infant studies

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7
Q

What is the habituation paradigm?

A

=infants can discriminate the differences in grating density
-after the repeated shows of two different stimuli, the child becomes habituated when no longer looks for a long time

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8
Q

How to recover from habituation?

A

-time = partial to full recovery

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9
Q

What is the definition of classical conditioning?

A

it is a learned association between a neutral stimulus and a meaningful one

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10
Q

Who is the creator/innovator/father of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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11
Q

What are the classical conditioning parameters?

A

(US) = unconditioned stimulus
(UR) = unconditioned response

(CS) = conditioned stimulus
(CR) = conditioned response

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12
Q

Who is Little Albert and what did his experiment teach us?

A

= 9-month-old, classical conditioning in humans (1920)
-listen to noise he was hearing = fear of animals shown to him

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13
Q

What was Little Albert’s US and UR before training?

A

US (noise) = UR (fear)

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14
Q

What was the setup for Little Albert’s conditioning?

A

CS (rat) + US (noise) = UR (fear)

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15
Q

After training what were the results of Little Albert’s conditioning?

A

CS (rat) = CR (fear)

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16
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

Using the CS1 and CR1 to create a new CS2 for CR1

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17
Q

What are some real-life applications of classical conditioning?

A

-taste aversions
-phobias
-drugs

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18
Q

What is the correlation between drugs and classical conditioning?

A

-addiction becomes a compensatory response
-withdrawals are worse where the drug was taken

drug + physiological effects + specific environment = CR to being in that same place

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19
Q

How can classical conditioning cause extinction?

A

when there is a presence of a CS without a US then the R is lost solely to CS
-no unlearn but learn a new association

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20
Q

What is the generalization of classical conditioning?

A

a CR occurs in a range of condition-like stimulus

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21
Q

What is the difference between second-order conditioning and generalization?

A

second-order conditioning is intentional while generalization is an unintentional consequence

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22
Q

What is discrimination of classical conditioning?

A

= the CR is very specific to the CS
-the CS is learned more thoroughly with negative contingency

23
Q

What is the difference between the generalization and discrimination of classical conditioning?

A

they are opposites
generalized CS = CR
specified CS = CR

24
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

-an association between a behaviour and a consequence
“If I do this, then this happens”

25
Q

What are the 3 steps to a simple operant conditioning experiment?

A
  1. curious behaviour observed
  2. consequence to behaviour introduced
  3. result = rate of behaviour increases
26
Q

How are children’s complex behaviour influenced by operant conditioning?

A

-develop complex actions to get a specific desired consequence

27
Q

How would someone increase/decrease the frequency of the behaviour with operant conditioning?

A

increase = reinforce
decrease = punishment

28
Q

How does the addition/ removal of a stimulus affect operant conditioning?

A

add = positive
remove = negative

29
Q

When is the best time for the consequences of operant conditioning?

A

-right after the action
-delay = confusion

29
Q

When is the best time for the consequences of operant conditioning?

A

-right after the action
-delay = confusion

30
Q

What is the generalization of operant conditioning?

A

-push mulitple buttons to get food
-superstitious behaviour arises

31
Q

What is the discrimination of operant conditioning?

A

-exact action = consequence

32
Q

What is the extinction of operant conditioning?

A

-if stop consequence then it stops the contingency

33
Q

What is shaping?

A

= use it to get desired behaviour by step-by-step rewarding and extinguishing relevant behaviour
-reinforce A
-reinforce B and extinguish A
-reinforce C and extinguish B
-only reinforce C

34
Q

How do primary reinforcers work?

A

-don’t need to learn to like/want the consequence
=food, air, sleep, warmth…

35
Q

How do secondary reinforcers work?

A

-learn to like by association with the primary reinforcer
=money, grades, social acceptance

36
Q

Describe the 5 schedules of reinforcement. Identify the different rates of responding for each.

A

continuous reinforcement

intermittent reinforcement (best->worst)
(1) variable ratio - uncertain #
(2) fixed ratio - certain #
(3) variable interval - after uncertain time
(4) fixed interval - after a certain time

37
Q

What kind of reinforcement is best for acquisition?

A

continuous ratio

38
Q

Which reinforcement would lessen the probability of extinction?

A

fixed ratio

39
Q

What does the response pattern look like for variable reinforcement?

A

-flat line
-consistent work
-always a chance the next time will give a consequence

40
Q

What does the response pattern look like for fixed reinforcement?

A

-parabola
-relax between the moment of consequence

41
Q

What is Humphrey’s paradox?

A

= resistance to extinction
-longer length of fixed ratio

42
Q

Who and why was this person against operant conditioning playing a role in conditioning?

A

Skinner - thought the focus was meant to be behaviour and consequence

43
Q

What was the Tolman’s rats experiment in 1948?

A

-rats though a maze
-see how many errors before get out
-after multiple times errors slowly decline
= learning + memory

44
Q

How was there an observable fast decline in errors during the Tolman rat experiment?

A

-introduction of food
-learning all along and could be better if wanted

45
Q

What is latent learning?

A

learning that is not expressed right away in an overt response

46
Q

What is the definition of observational learning?

A

-modelling and imitating behaviour

47
Q

What is social learning?

A

-similar to observational learning
-learn/know without doing but witnessing social interactions

48
Q

Describe the Bobo doll study

A

-adults aggression towards doll = increase likelihood that child watching will also be aggressive with the doll

49
Q

What factors are necessary for observational learning to occur?

A

-attention
-retain observation
-ability to reproduce
-motivation

50
Q

What factors increase the chance that observational learning will occur?

A

-model is rewarded
-attractive
-trustworthy
-admired
-powerful…

51
Q

Identify the scientists who led the field in each type of learning we discussed
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-observational/social learning
-habituation

A

-Ivan Pavlov
-B. F. Skinner
-Albert Bandura
-Evgeny Sokolov

52
Q

Thorndike’s work with cats

A

-specific actions to get out of the box
-multiple trials = faster getting out

53
Q

Law of Effect
-2 main concepts

A

= the consequence of behaviour influences the subsequent behaviour
-satisfying consequences = more likely
-discomfort consequences = less likely

PSY 1101 (8 decks)

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