Module 7 Flashcards
What are the 3 systems of learning?
-NS changes
-adapt behaviours
-environment interactions
State the 4 types of learning
-habituation
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-observed learning
What is the definition of habituation?
the decline in responsiveness after repeated stimulus
-familiar = less response
What kind of behaviour is habituation known for?
simple reflexive
What does habituation demonstrate?
memory
What studies tend to use habituation?
animal and infant studies
What is the habituation paradigm?
=infants can discriminate the differences in grating density
-after the repeated shows of two different stimuli, the child becomes habituated when no longer looks for a long time
How to recover from habituation?
-time = partial to full recovery
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
it is a learned association between a neutral stimulus and a meaningful one
Who is the creator/innovator/father of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
What are the classical conditioning parameters?
(US) = unconditioned stimulus
(UR) = unconditioned response
(CS) = conditioned stimulus
(CR) = conditioned response
Who is Little Albert and what did his experiment teach us?
= 9-month-old, classical conditioning in humans (1920)
-listen to noise he was hearing = fear of animals shown to him
What was Little Albert’s US and UR before training?
US (noise) = UR (fear)
What was the setup for Little Albert’s conditioning?
CS (rat) + US (noise) = UR (fear)
After training what were the results of Little Albert’s conditioning?
CS (rat) = CR (fear)
What is second-order conditioning?
Using the CS1 and CR1 to create a new CS2 for CR1
What are some real-life applications of classical conditioning?
-taste aversions
-phobias
-drugs
What is the correlation between drugs and classical conditioning?
-addiction becomes a compensatory response
-withdrawals are worse where the drug was taken
drug + physiological effects + specific environment = CR to being in that same place
How can classical conditioning cause extinction?
when there is a presence of a CS without a US then the R is lost solely to CS
-no unlearn but learn a new association
What is the generalization of classical conditioning?
a CR occurs in a range of condition-like stimulus
What is the difference between second-order conditioning and generalization?
second-order conditioning is intentional while generalization is an unintentional consequence
What is discrimination of classical conditioning?
= the CR is very specific to the CS
-the CS is learned more thoroughly with negative contingency
What is the difference between the generalization and discrimination of classical conditioning?
they are opposites
generalized CS = CR
specified CS = CR
What is operant conditioning?
-an association between a behaviour and a consequence
“If I do this, then this happens”
What are the 3 steps to a simple operant conditioning experiment?
- curious behaviour observed
- consequence to behaviour introduced
- result = rate of behaviour increases
How are children’s complex behaviour influenced by operant conditioning?
-develop complex actions to get a specific desired consequence
How would someone increase/decrease the frequency of the behaviour with operant conditioning?
increase = reinforce
decrease = punishment
How does the addition/ removal of a stimulus affect operant conditioning?
add = positive
remove = negative
When is the best time for the consequences of operant conditioning?
-right after the action
-delay = confusion
When is the best time for the consequences of operant conditioning?
-right after the action
-delay = confusion
What is the generalization of operant conditioning?
-push mulitple buttons to get food
-superstitious behaviour arises
What is the discrimination of operant conditioning?
-exact action = consequence
What is the extinction of operant conditioning?
-if stop consequence then it stops the contingency
What is shaping?
= use it to get desired behaviour by step-by-step rewarding and extinguishing relevant behaviour
-reinforce A
-reinforce B and extinguish A
-reinforce C and extinguish B
-only reinforce C
How do primary reinforcers work?
-don’t need to learn to like/want the consequence
=food, air, sleep, warmth…
How do secondary reinforcers work?
-learn to like by association with the primary reinforcer
=money, grades, social acceptance
Describe the 5 schedules of reinforcement. Identify the different rates of responding for each.
continuous reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement (best->worst)
(1) variable ratio - uncertain #
(2) fixed ratio - certain #
(3) variable interval - after uncertain time
(4) fixed interval - after a certain time
What kind of reinforcement is best for acquisition?
continuous ratio
Which reinforcement would lessen the probability of extinction?
fixed ratio
What does the response pattern look like for variable reinforcement?
-flat line
-consistent work
-always a chance the next time will give a consequence
What does the response pattern look like for fixed reinforcement?
-parabola
-relax between the moment of consequence
What is Humphrey’s paradox?
= resistance to extinction
-longer length of fixed ratio
Who and why was this person against operant conditioning playing a role in conditioning?
Skinner - thought the focus was meant to be behaviour and consequence
What was the Tolman’s rats experiment in 1948?
-rats though a maze
-see how many errors before get out
-after multiple times errors slowly decline
= learning + memory
How was there an observable fast decline in errors during the Tolman rat experiment?
-introduction of food
-learning all along and could be better if wanted
What is latent learning?
learning that is not expressed right away in an overt response
What is the definition of observational learning?
-modelling and imitating behaviour
What is social learning?
-similar to observational learning
-learn/know without doing but witnessing social interactions
Describe the Bobo doll study
-adults aggression towards doll = increase likelihood that child watching will also be aggressive with the doll
What factors are necessary for observational learning to occur?
-attention
-retain observation
-ability to reproduce
-motivation
What factors increase the chance that observational learning will occur?
-model is rewarded
-attractive
-trustworthy
-admired
-powerful…
Identify the scientists who led the field in each type of learning we discussed
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-observational/social learning
-habituation
-Ivan Pavlov
-B. F. Skinner
-Albert Bandura
-Evgeny Sokolov
Thorndike’s work with cats
-specific actions to get out of the box
-multiple trials = faster getting out
Law of Effect
-2 main concepts
= the consequence of behaviour influences the subsequent behaviour
-satisfying consequences = more likely
-discomfort consequences = less likely
