Module 3 Flashcards
3 components of the nervous system
-brain (CNS)
-spinal cord (CNS)
-nerves (PNS)
Brain fun facts
-weight
-% water
-% fat
-% body weight
-% energy
-3lbs (adult), 1lbs (infant)
-78% water
-10% fat
-2% total body weight
-20% energy
How long is the cerebral cortex when stretched out?
2.5 square ft
Which hemisphere of the brain has more neurons?
the left hemisphere has 186 million more neurons than the right hemisphere
What does the left brain do?
-logic
-language
-math
-science
What does the right brain do?
-creativity
-intuition
-art
-music
How many neurons does a human have?
~10 billion neurons
Can neurons regenerate?
no
3 diff neurons + direction of propagation
-sensory (body-brain)
-interneuron (between neurons)
-motor (brain-body)
What are glial cells?
-provide support, structure, nourishment and insulation for neurons
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
-autoimmune disease
-attacks the myelin in the CNS
-nerve impulses are shortcutted = wide range of symptoms
How is the intensity of a sensation or response varied?
it is dependent on the number of neurons firing
What is the serotonin pathway in the brain?
+ draw
Starts
-under pons
-midbrain
travels
-up and around front to back
What is the dopamine pathway in the brain?
+ draw
Start
-under thalamus
Travel
-Central (corpus collasum)
-up and toward the front of the brain
3 neurotransmitters were looked at in class
-Acetylcholine (Ach)
-Serotonin (5HT)
-Dopamine (DA)
What does the Ach neurotransmitter induce?
-muscle, memory, learning
How does the variation of the Ach neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?
low =
-Alzheimers
-anesthetic blocker
What does the DA neurotransmitter induce?
-movement, learning, attention, emotion, pleasure
How does the variation of the DA neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?
low = Parkinsons
high = schizophrenia
What does the 5HT neurotransmitter induce?
-mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
How does the variation of the 5HT neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?
low = depression + anxiety
What are the leading causes of SIDS?
-low serotonin
-stomach sleeping
Agonists, what do they do?
=what do
-info
=mimic to enhance
-a drug for Parkinson’s
-heroin bind to opioid receptor
=prevent reuptake = synapse flood
-cocaine
-SSIR
Antagonists, what do they do?
=what do
-info
=bind to the receptor (impede, block)
-a drug for schizophrenia
=block at the muscle receptor
-cocaine
-surgery
Which enzymes destroy serotonin in the synaptic clef?
-MOA
-COMT
How to treat depression?
SSRI
-selective serotonin reuptake inhibition
-increase 5HT to prevent reuptake
ex = Prozac, Celexa, Cipralex, Zoloft
MAOI
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors
-increase 5HT by MOA to not breakdown
ex = Nardil, Emsam, Parnate
Reflex
-impulse doesn’t go to the brain
Arousal reflex
-spinal cord disconnect
-reflexes not mediated from the brain still occur
6 techniques to study the brain
-lesion technique
-TMS
-EEG
-MRI
-PET
-fMRI
Lesion technique
+ special case
make lesions by chemical, cold, electric
=Tan’s Brain
-donated brain that helped figure out speech part of brain
TMS
-transcranial magnetic stimulation
=temporary lesion with a magnetic field
-interrupt the signals of a very specific part of the brain
EEG
-electroencephalogram
=brain activity measured by electrodes
-observe specific patterns in response to a stimulus
PET
-position emission tomography
=identifies active areas of the brain by looking at radioactive glucose
-hot spots
-good for early diagnosis of Alzheimers
MRI
-magnetic resonance imaging
=magnet aligns atoms in the brain, signal can be seen as a shape and structure
fMRI
-function magnetic resonance imaging
=give the patient something to do and watch areas of the brain used
division of the brain (3 parts)
-forebrain
-hindbrain
-midbrain
How is the brain like an archeological dig?
-the lower we go the older it is
3 components of hindbrain
=name
-info
=pons
-connect the brainstem to the cerebellum
-visual info to eye + body movement
-sleep + wake cycle
-balance + coordinate movement
=medulla
-brain to the spinal cord
-heartrate
-breathing
=cerebellum
-incoming from where
-outgoing what do
-regulates muscle tone
Ataxic cerebral palsy
-motor disorder (fine + gross)
-not inherited + non-progressive
-damage to the cerebellum
-80% in utero
-20% perinatally
Midbrain
-info
-uppermost part of the brainstem
-some reflexes
-eye + voluntary movements
Forebrain
-info + 5 parts
-the largest part of the brain
=cerebral cortex
=thalamus
=hypothalamus
=hippocampus
=amygdala
Thalamus
-integrates all sensory info EXCEPT olfactory to the cerebral cortex
-regulates sleep
Basal ganglia
-wrapped around the thalamus
-contains dopaminergic neurons
-if neurons die = Parkinson’s disease
Limbic system
-info
-parts
-memory, emotions, decisions, motivation
=cingulate gyrus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus
Hypothalamus
-maintain homeostasis
-endocrine to brain
-the major control center
-eat, drink, sex
-reward center
How are the hypothalamus and homosexuality linked in rams?
-correlation, not causation
-gay rams and sheep have a smaller hypothalamus and less testosterone than straight ones
Amygdala
-emotion
-evaluation of threats
-small/damage = docile
-large/stimulated = fight/flight
Cerebrum
-two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
-cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
-controls perception, memory, high cognitive
-4 hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
cerebral cortex
=4 hemispheres
-info
=frontal
-planning, motor, personality, attention, problem-solving
=parietal
-secondary visual, somatosensory
=temporal
-primary auditory, memory
=occipital
-primary visual
motor cortex via homunculus
=what does the motor have but the sensory does not
-control purposeful movement
=ankle
=eyebrow
=wrist
=swallowing
somatosensory cortex via homunculus
=what does the somatosensory have but the motor does not
-feel and sense
=foot
=leg
=hand
=nose
=teeth
=gums
What is the production of language diseases?
+ 2 versions
Aphasia
=Broca’s area
-frontal lobe
-not fluent production of words
=Wernicke’s area
-temporal
-produce words but incomprehensible
Who survived personality and impulse control damage to their brain?
Phineas Gage
-damage to the frontal lobe
-rod through the head but survived
What is it called to damage the sensory area of the brain?
+ 2 types
Agnosia
-can’t identify familiar objects
=visual agnosia
-can recognize by sound and touch but not by sight
=prosopagnosia
-inability to identify faces
What is unilateral neglect syndrome?
-damage to the cortex
-systematic neglect of the contralesional side
-can only sense things on their left side if explicitly drawn to it
What is a split-brain?
-damage to the corpus callosum
-no communication between hemispheres
3 divisions of the cerebellum + function
=spinocerebellar
-motor and fine-tuned movement
=vestibulocrebellar
-ear for posture and balance
=cerebrocerebellar
-connection with pons + thalamus
We can learn new things even as adults due to the concept of what? What occurs to compensate the new learning?
neuroplasticity
-branching dendrites
-increase neurotransmitters
-increase receptors
How are the basal ganglia associated with Parkinson’s disease?
-substantia nigra releases dopamine
What glial cells fight infections?
-astrocytes
-microglia cells
What and where is the neocortex?
-the area for conscious thought and decision making
-frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
