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PSY 1101 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the nervous system

A

-brain (CNS)
-spinal cord (CNS)
-nerves (PNS)

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2
Q

Brain fun facts
-weight
-% water
-% fat
-% body weight
-% energy

A

-3lbs (adult), 1lbs (infant)
-78% water
-10% fat
-2% total body weight
-20% energy

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3
Q

How long is the cerebral cortex when stretched out?

A

2.5 square ft

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4
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain has more neurons?

A

the left hemisphere has 186 million more neurons than the right hemisphere

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5
Q

What does the left brain do?

A

-logic
-language
-math
-science

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6
Q

What does the right brain do?

A

-creativity
-intuition
-art
-music

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7
Q

How many neurons does a human have?

A

~10 billion neurons

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8
Q

Can neurons regenerate?

A

no

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9
Q

3 diff neurons + direction of propagation

A

-sensory (body-brain)
-interneuron (between neurons)
-motor (brain-body)

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10
Q

What are glial cells?

A

-provide support, structure, nourishment and insulation for neurons

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11
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

-autoimmune disease
-attacks the myelin in the CNS
-nerve impulses are shortcutted = wide range of symptoms

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12
Q

How is the intensity of a sensation or response varied?

A

it is dependent on the number of neurons firing

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13
Q

What is the serotonin pathway in the brain?
+ draw

A

Starts
-under pons
-midbrain

travels
-up and around front to back

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14
Q

What is the dopamine pathway in the brain?
+ draw

A

Start
-under thalamus

Travel
-Central (corpus collasum)
-up and toward the front of the brain

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15
Q

3 neurotransmitters were looked at in class

A

-Acetylcholine (Ach)
-Serotonin (5HT)
-Dopamine (DA)

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16
Q

What does the Ach neurotransmitter induce?

A

-muscle, memory, learning

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17
Q

How does the variation of the Ach neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?

A

low =
-Alzheimers
-anesthetic blocker

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18
Q

What does the DA neurotransmitter induce?

A

-movement, learning, attention, emotion, pleasure

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19
Q

How does the variation of the DA neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?

A

low = Parkinsons
high = schizophrenia

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20
Q

What does the 5HT neurotransmitter induce?

A

-mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

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21
Q

How does the variation of the 5HT neurotransmitter function in the body affect humans?

A

low = depression + anxiety

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22
Q

What are the leading causes of SIDS?

A

-low serotonin
-stomach sleeping

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23
Q

Agonists, what do they do?
=what do
-info

A

=mimic to enhance
-a drug for Parkinson’s
-heroin bind to opioid receptor

=prevent reuptake = synapse flood
-cocaine
-SSIR

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24
Q

Antagonists, what do they do?
=what do
-info

A

=bind to the receptor (impede, block)
-a drug for schizophrenia

=block at the muscle receptor
-cocaine
-surgery

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25
Q

Which enzymes destroy serotonin in the synaptic clef?

A

-MOA
-COMT

26
Q

How to treat depression?

A

SSRI
-selective serotonin reuptake inhibition
-increase 5HT to prevent reuptake
ex = Prozac, Celexa, Cipralex, Zoloft

MAOI
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors
-increase 5HT by MOA to not breakdown
ex = Nardil, Emsam, Parnate

27
Q

Reflex

A

-impulse doesn’t go to the brain

28
Q

Arousal reflex

A

-spinal cord disconnect
-reflexes not mediated from the brain still occur

29
Q

6 techniques to study the brain

A

-lesion technique
-TMS
-EEG
-MRI
-PET
-fMRI

30
Q

Lesion technique
+ special case

A

make lesions by chemical, cold, electric
=Tan’s Brain
-donated brain that helped figure out speech part of brain

31
Q

TMS
-transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

=temporary lesion with a magnetic field
-interrupt the signals of a very specific part of the brain

32
Q

EEG
-electroencephalogram

A

=brain activity measured by electrodes
-observe specific patterns in response to a stimulus

33
Q

PET
-position emission tomography

A

=identifies active areas of the brain by looking at radioactive glucose
-hot spots
-good for early diagnosis of Alzheimers

34
Q

MRI
-magnetic resonance imaging

A

=magnet aligns atoms in the brain, signal can be seen as a shape and structure

35
Q

fMRI
-function magnetic resonance imaging

A

=give the patient something to do and watch areas of the brain used

36
Q

division of the brain (3 parts)

A

-forebrain
-hindbrain
-midbrain

37
Q

How is the brain like an archeological dig?

A

-the lower we go the older it is

38
Q

3 components of hindbrain
=name
-info

A

=pons
-connect the brainstem to the cerebellum
-visual info to eye + body movement
-sleep + wake cycle
-balance + coordinate movement

=medulla
-brain to the spinal cord
-heartrate
-breathing

=cerebellum
-incoming from where
-outgoing what do
-regulates muscle tone

39
Q

Ataxic cerebral palsy

A

-motor disorder (fine + gross)
-not inherited + non-progressive
-damage to the cerebellum
-80% in utero
-20% perinatally

40
Q

Midbrain
-info

A

-uppermost part of the brainstem
-some reflexes
-eye + voluntary movements

41
Q

Forebrain
-info + 5 parts

A

-the largest part of the brain
=cerebral cortex
=thalamus
=hypothalamus
=hippocampus
=amygdala

42
Q

Thalamus

A

-integrates all sensory info EXCEPT olfactory to the cerebral cortex
-regulates sleep

43
Q

Basal ganglia

A

-wrapped around the thalamus
-contains dopaminergic neurons
-if neurons die = Parkinson’s disease

44
Q

Limbic system
-info
-parts

A

-memory, emotions, decisions, motivation
=cingulate gyrus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-maintain homeostasis
-endocrine to brain
-the major control center
-eat, drink, sex
-reward center

46
Q

How are the hypothalamus and homosexuality linked in rams?

A

-correlation, not causation
-gay rams and sheep have a smaller hypothalamus and less testosterone than straight ones

47
Q

Amygdala

A

-emotion
-evaluation of threats
-small/damage = docile
-large/stimulated = fight/flight

48
Q

Cerebrum

A

-two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
-cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
-controls perception, memory, high cognitive
-4 hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

49
Q

cerebral cortex
=4 hemispheres
-info

A

=frontal
-planning, motor, personality, attention, problem-solving

=parietal
-secondary visual, somatosensory

=temporal
-primary auditory, memory

=occipital
-primary visual

50
Q

motor cortex via homunculus
=what does the motor have but the sensory does not

A

-control purposeful movement
=ankle
=eyebrow
=wrist
=swallowing

51
Q

somatosensory cortex via homunculus
=what does the somatosensory have but the motor does not

A

-feel and sense
=foot
=leg
=hand
=nose
=teeth
=gums

52
Q

What is the production of language diseases?
+ 2 versions

A

Aphasia

=Broca’s area
-frontal lobe
-not fluent production of words

=Wernicke’s area
-temporal
-produce words but incomprehensible

53
Q

Who survived personality and impulse control damage to their brain?

A

Phineas Gage
-damage to the frontal lobe
-rod through the head but survived

54
Q

What is it called to damage the sensory area of the brain?
+ 2 types

A

Agnosia
-can’t identify familiar objects

=visual agnosia
-can recognize by sound and touch but not by sight

=prosopagnosia
-inability to identify faces

55
Q

What is unilateral neglect syndrome?

A

-damage to the cortex
-systematic neglect of the contralesional side
-can only sense things on their left side if explicitly drawn to it

56
Q

What is a split-brain?

A

-damage to the corpus callosum
-no communication between hemispheres

57
Q

3 divisions of the cerebellum + function

A

=spinocerebellar
-motor and fine-tuned movement

=vestibulocrebellar
-ear for posture and balance

=cerebrocerebellar
-connection with pons + thalamus

58
Q

We can learn new things even as adults due to the concept of what? What occurs to compensate the new learning?

A

neuroplasticity
-branching dendrites
-increase neurotransmitters
-increase receptors

59
Q

How are the basal ganglia associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

-substantia nigra releases dopamine

60
Q

What glial cells fight infections?

A

-astrocytes
-microglia cells

61
Q

What and where is the neocortex?

A

-the area for conscious thought and decision making
-frontal and temporal lobes of the brain

PSY 1101 (8 decks)

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