Module 11a Flashcards
What are the 3 components of emotion?
-physiological effects
-expressive behaviour
-conscious experience
What is the purpose of emotions? (5)
-focus attention
-drive behaviour
-influence performance
-easily identifiable
-evolutionary
What is Darwin’s ‘why’ of emotional expression? (3)
- serviceable habits
-a habit so it persists - principle of antithesis
-emotions opposite of useful - nervous system
-release activity
What is James-Lange’s theory of the ‘how’ of emotion?
-physiological effects and reactions to stimuli come before conscious experience
scary -> heart pumps faster -> fear
What is Cannon-Bard’s theory of the ‘how’ of emotion?
-physiological arousal + emotional experience occur at the same time
-cortex (expression) and thalamus (experience) react simultaneously
scary -> increase HR + fear
What is two-factor theory of the ‘how’ of emotion?
-physiological + cognitive combine to form emotion
-need interpretation to know how to react/feel
run + label emotion = feel emotion
Do emotions and cognitions interact? Give examples.
YES
-emotions affect thoughts
-thoughts affect emotions
What is the spillover effect?
-response from one event can spill into the response to other events
-heighten/dampen
What are the two emotional routes? Explain
-route
-what type of emotion is delt with there
= slow (high road)
-sensory, thalamus, cortex, amygdala
-complex emotions
= fast (low road)
-sensory,thalamus, amygdala
-basic emotions
What role does the amygdala play in emotion?
can be activated by emotional stimuli even if we’re unaware
-deals with both complex and simple emotions
-if removed/damaged then can remember fear but not feel it
What is Ekman’s work on universal expressions of emotion
Travelled to Papa New Guinea, where western emotion is not effective
-asked what people would feel in different scenarios
-saw the same 6 universal facial expressions
Ekman’s work showed the similarities in expression around the world but it also displayed the differences. What were they?
-not all can differ between shock and fear
-some places are less or more expressive in public
What are 3 factors which fear can be ingrained in a person?
- adaptive to environment
- genetics
- learnt through experience/observation
What is happiness adaptation?
-interpretation
-recent experiences influence reaction to events
-really good thing makes the good thing seem awful
What is happiness comparison?
-not happy with what you have
-compare to others and not content
What is the order of emotion, mood and reinforcer in shortest lasting to longest?
- reinforcer
- emotion
- mood
How do we try to understand these emotions as they originally evolved? (Tracy)
- all distinct adaptations
- behaviour elemonts occur over time
What is trace conditioning and how does it relate to taste?
CS has occured hours before US
-taste hours before digestion
What is Maslow’s hierchary of needs from higer-order to basic?
- self-actualization
- self-esteem
- love+belonging
- safety
- physological
What are the 2 motivation operations?
- establishing
- abolishing
Explain extablising operations
increase
->frequency of behaviour
->reinforcer efficacity
Explain abolishing operations
decrease
->reinforcer efficacity
->frequency of behaviour
What did Yerke and Dodson do?
studied how arousal effects performance in ONLY difficult tasks
-performance improved but only to a certain point
Explain Hull and Spence’s drive-reduction theory
need is determined by a combo of learning and persons physiology
What are Hull’s 2 goal conditional response theory?
1) physical stimulus
2) perception of the stimulus
What did Amsel add to Hulls 2 part theory?
-frustration
1) physical stimulus
2) perception of the stimulus
3) frustration
What is attractive to females?
ST=
LT=
ovulating=
not ovulating=
-good looking
-can provide
-strong
-caring/reliable
What is attractive to males?
how they look
What is the Coolidge effect?
man with one woman multiple times = habituation
man with new woman = dishabituation
What is the rivarly sensitivity hypothesis and how do men and women respond differently?
women = focus on other people/threats around partner
men = focus on partner
What are the 2 componenets of the drive-reduction theory? What is the goal?
1) drive = arousal state that occurs due to physiological need
2) need = a lack that encourages the drive to reduce the need
goal is homeostasis
What is the premack principal of the operant theory of motivation?
do things no like to get more time to do things like
What is the timberlake operant theory of motivation?
We will work hard for something we don’t have
