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PSY 1101 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to think critically?

A

To analyze with logical reasoning and evidence.

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2
Q

What are 2 ways to systematically ask and answer question?

A

-logical
-evidence based

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3
Q

What is the goal to psychological science?

A

To gain new insight and understanding of human mental process and behaviour.

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4
Q

What is super important to scientists?

A

-skepticism
-curiosity

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5
Q

What do scientist learn try to limit in research?

A

-bias

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6
Q

What do scientist try to avoid when intuition takes over?

A

-hindsight bias

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7
Q

Name 5 methods of knowledge acquisition

A
  1. Tenacity (always been that way…)
  2. Intuition (I feel like…)
  3. Authority (ask the expert…)
  4. Rationalism (logically speaking…)
  5. Empiricism (after testing…)
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8
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Identify Problem
  2. Gain information
  3. State Hypothesis
  4. Create and do experiment
  5. Analyze data
  6. Restart
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9
Q

What is crucial for a good hypothesis?

A

A specific and operational definition of the variables.

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10
Q

What is “the Door Study”?
Who did it?
What fault did it expose for the idea of rationalism?

A

-A study in which they compared the response and actual action of assement to see if people could tell if the person they were talking to changed.
-Simons and Levin
-It exposed that reasoning can contradict behaviour when put to the test.

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11
Q

What are the 4 popular descriptive methods?

A
  1. case study
  2. participant observations
  3. survey
  4. naturalistic observations
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12
Q

Explain what the Hawthorne Effect is?
How related to naturalistic observation?

A

The Hawthorne effect is the reactivity where there is a noticeable difference in people’s behaviour when they know someone is watching.
-It is an example of the downfalls of naturalistic behaviour.

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13
Q

What are some disadvantages of naturalistic observation?

A

-no control over the environment
-usually only descriptive
-no random selection
-not the full representation of a population
-can affect or interfere w/ their natural behaviour

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14
Q

What are the designs in psychological research from loose constraints to high constraints? (1-5)

A
  1. case study
  2. observation
  3. survey
  4. correlation
  5. experimental
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15
Q

What is Participant observation?
-good…
-bad…

A

The researcher becomes part of the group under investigation.
-enriched experience and in-depth + better access to daily life
-can become biased, no unique clues, be the problem, change their behaviour, low reliability

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16
Q

What is the Rosenhan Study?
-why

A

Rosenhan got 12 healthy researchers to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital and try to get out as fast as they can.
-He didn’t believe psychologists and nurses were able to properly diagnose patients.

17
Q

What is a case study?
-good…
-bad…

A

in-depth analysis of the unique circumstances of an individual
=unethical to create/ good for future research
=”why” is not explained
=only descriptive, limited, not able to manipulate + change

18
Q

Who is Henry Molaison and why was his case study so important to science?

A

-He had his hippocampus removed to avoid his seizures. Later, scientists realized that he could not form any new memories. It was a breakthrough to know the importance of that part of the brain.

19
Q

What is a survey? (3 special factors)
-good…
-bad…

A

An efficient way to quickly collect info and understand people’s opinions/attitudes.
-volunteer bias
-response rate
-response bias
=fast
=wording, response, and biases

20
Q

The Tuskegee Syphilis

A

The study of syphilis in African-American men, with promises of food, medical treatment and burial insurance.
=hundred of participants and spread of syphilis

21
Q

General Ethical Principles of Psychologists (5)

A

a) beneficence & non-maleficence (weigh benefits)
b) fidelity & responsibility (maintain trust)
c) integrity (honest practice)
d) justice (equality in research)
e) respect for people’s rights and dignity (communicate openly)

22
Q

What does the Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?

A

-sound research design
-risks minimized
-beneficence
-participants
-safeguards present
-data is private and confidential

23
Q

What are the 2 special ethical considerations

A
  1. vulnerable populations
    -decision impairment
    -situational vulnerability
  2. deception
24
Q

“The Magic of the Placebo”

-which type of placebo is best?

A

The idea is that when people are told/ change the colour of sugar pills there is a significant improvement.
white pill < blue pill < capsule < needle

25
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which results may be attributable to the independent variable rather than some other effect of our experiment

26
Q

external validity

A

degree to which a result can be applied beyond the scope of the eperiment

27
Q

central tendency

A

-mean, median, mode, frequency…

28
Q

What is the goal of a descriptive study?

A

gather data to identify “what is”

29
Q

Can a case study include more than 1 person? True/False

A

true

30
Q

A major purpose of all surveys is to predict future performance. True/False

A

False

31
Q

What are the 3 types of biases that surveys should look out for? Explain.

A

1) response bias (answer expected of them)
2) acquiescence bias (yes/agree to all)
3) socially desirable bias (acceptance of others)
4) extreme/moderate survey bias (exaggerate)

32
Q

What is the correlation coefficient and how does it work?

A

-numerical representation of the strength of the relationship
= (-) no relationship
= (+) relationship
= 0 is weak
= 1 is strong

33
Q

What are the 3 types of sampling? Define them.

A

1) simple random sampling
-all equal chance of being selected

2) stratified random sampling
-groups made first then select

3) non-random sampling
-not all equal chance of being selected

34
Q

What are the steps of research ethics? (1-5)

A

1) institutional review board
2) participant recruitment
3) informed consent
4) study participation
5) debriefing

PSY 1101 (8 decks)

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