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ANAT380 > Module 7a: The head > Flashcards

Module 7a: The head Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the scalp

A

S- skin
C- dense connective tissue
A- aponeurosis
L- loose connective tissue
P- pericranium

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2
Q

Skin of scalp

A

Contains all epidermal appendages including hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

Dense connective tissue of scalp

A

Highly vascularized and innervated layer, also contains hair follicles

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4
Q

Aponeurosis of scalp

A

Thin, broad, tendon like sheet that covers the dome of the skull

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5
Q

Loose connective tissue of scalp

A

Danger area, infections easily spread within it and enter cranial cavity

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6
Q

Pericranium of scalp

A

Thin layer of CT that covers bones of skull; protects skull and provides nutrients to bones

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7
Q

Complications of hair transplant

A

Nerve damage causing numbness, bleeding from vascular damage, prolonged pain

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8
Q

Three salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Sublingual gland
  3. Submandibular gland
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9
Q

Ducts of parotid gland

A

Secretions exit through Stensen’s duct

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10
Q

Stensen’s duct

A

Passes superficial to masseter muscle and pierces buccinator to open up into oral cavity opp second upper molar tooth

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11
Q

Ducts of submandibular gland

A

Mixed secretions exit through Wharton’s duct into the sublingual papillae behind the lower incisors on side of lingual frenulum

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12
Q

Salivary gland stones

A

Calcified stones that form when chemicals in the saliva accumulate in the duct or gland

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13
Q

What glands do salivary gland stones affect?

A

Parotid and submandibular

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14
Q

Symptoms of salivary gland stones

A

Swelling, pain in lower jaw, difficulty opening mouth

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15
Q

Risk factor of salivary gland stones

A

Reduced saliva production or thickened saliva

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16
Q

Factors leading to reduced/thickened saliva

A

Dehydration
Poor eating
Meds
Trauma ro glands
Genetics

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17
Q

Buccinator

A

Contraction pulls cheeks tightly against teeth, preventing food from collecting btwn teeth and gums during mastication

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18
Q

Branches of facial nerve

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Cervical
  4. Buccal
  5. Marginal mandibular
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19
Q

Buccinator muscle strain

A

Deep pain in cheek that can resemble a painful cavity or an abscessed tooth; occurs from strenuous activity of jaw

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20
Q

Symptoms of buccal muscle strain

A

Pain during chewing, moving food in mouth, smiling, swallowing `

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21
Q

Trigeminal nerve innervation

A

Sensory and motor info

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22
Q

3 branches of trigeminal nerve

A
  1. Mandibular nerve (V3)
  2. Maxillary (V2)
  3. Opthalmic (V1)
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23
Q

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

Supplies skin of lower lip, lower face, temporal region and upper part of external ear

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24
Q

Mandibular nerve motor supply

A

Only this division carries motor info to muscles of mastication

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25
Q

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

A

Innervates skin of lateral sides of nose, lower eyelid, cheek, temporal region and upper lip

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26
Q

Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

A

Carries sensory info from skin of forehead, upper eyelid, midline of nose

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27
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Chronic pain condition resulting from damage to trigeminal nerve

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28
Q

Causes of trigeminal neuralgia

A

Compression of nerve
Multiple sclerosis
Natural aging process

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29
Q

Symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia

A

Stabbing/shooting pain
Forehead region affected
Pain triggered by brushing teeth, shaving, brushing front of hair and putting on cream
Pain comes in attacks

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30
Q

Elevation of eyeball

A

Superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles

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31
Q

Depression of eyeball

A

Inferior rectus and superior oblique muscles

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32
Q

Abduction of eyeball

A

Lateral rectus

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33
Q

Adduction of eyeball

A

Medial rectus

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34
Q

Arterial supply of eyeball

A

Opthalmic artery

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35
Q

Opthalmic artery

A

Branch of internal carotid artery, enters orbit w optic nerve through optic canal

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36
Q

What does the opthalmic artery supply?

A

Contents of orbit and eyelids

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37
Q

What artery supplies retina of eyeball?

A

Central retinal artery

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38
Q

Venous drainage of eyeball

A

Superior opthalmic vein

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39
Q

Superior opthalmic vein

A

Passes through superior orbital fissure to drain in to cavernous sinus

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40
Q

Pyomyositis of extraocular muscles

A

Acute bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus

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41
Q

Symptoms of pyomyositis of extraocular muscles

A

Pain, swelling, redness, restricted movement, vision impairment, reduced blood supply to eye

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42
Q

Three parts of the ear

A
  1. External
  2. Middle
  3. Inner
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43
Q

Middle ear

A

Air-containing space within temporal bone that functions to transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to internal ear

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44
Q

Lateral border of middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane

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45
Q

Medial border of middle ear

A

Separates middle ear from inner ear

46
Q

Posterior border of middle ear

A

Thin bone separating tympanic cavity from mastoid air cells in temporal bone

47
Q

Roof (tegmental wall) of middle ear

A

Tegmen tympani
Separates middle ear from cranial fossa

48
Q

Floor (jugular wall) of middle ear

A

Separates middle ear from internal jugular vein

49
Q

Lower anterior border of middle ear

A

Separates tympanic cavity from internal carotid artery

50
Q

Upper anterior border of middle ear

A

Incomplete bc it has opening for eustachian tube

51
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Btwn middle ear and nasopharynx
Equalizes air pressure on either side of tympanic membrane allowing it to vibrate freely

52
Q

Parts of the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone superiorly
Vomer bone inferiorly
Septal cartilage anteriorly

53
Q

Arterial supply of nasal septum

A

Internal and external carotid arteries
Ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
Kiesselbach’s plexus (anastomoses of opthalmic and maxillary arteries)

54
Q

Sensory innervation of anterosuperior part nasal septum

A

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

55
Q

Sensory innervation of rest of nasal septum

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

56
Q

Nasal polyps

A

Soft, painless, noncancerous growths that hand down like teardrops or grapes from lining of nasal cavit

57
Q

Causes of nasal polyps

A

Chronic inflammation of vascular supply in walls of nasal cavity which may be associated with asthma, infection, allergies

58
Q

Symptoms of nasal polyps

A

Larger ones can block nasal passages leading to loss of smell, breathing problems and post nasal drip

59
Q

Sensory innervation of tongue

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  2. Trigeminal nerve
  3. Facial nerve
60
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve supply of tongue

A

Lingual branches supply general and sensory innervation to posterior 1/3

61
Q

Trigeminal nerve supply of tongue

A

Mandibular branch gives rise to lingual nerve that supplies anterior 2/3

62
Q

Lingual nerve and wisdom tooth extraction

A

Susceptible to damage during wisdom tooth surgery

63
Q

Facial nerve supply of tongue

A

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by lingual nerve to chorda tympani

64
Q

The lingual artery

A

Branch of external carotid
Supplies tongue, sublingual gland, floor of mouth

65
Q

Dysgeusia

A

Distortion of sense of taste, issues with swallowing and impaired gag reflex

66
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Buccinator
Temporalis

67
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscle insertion

A

Neck of mandible and capsule of articular disc of TMJ
Fibres run horizontal

68
Q

Medial pterygoid insertion

A

Medial surface of mandible near its angle
Fibres run downward and backward

69
Q

What muscles of mastication perform elevation?

A

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

70
Q

What causes depression of muscles of mastication?

A

Gravity and relaxation of muscles

71
Q

What muscles of mastication perform lateral movement?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoids

72
Q

What muscles of mastication perform protraction?

A

Lateral pterygoid

73
Q

What muscles of mastication perform retraction?

A

Temporalis

74
Q

Innervation of muscles of mastication

A

Trigeminal nerve via mandibular nerve

75
Q

Lateral pterygoid strain symptoms

A

Pain radiating to maxilla
Pain at TMJ
TMJ dysfuction

76
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Synovial modified hinge joint btwn head of mandible, mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone

77
Q

TMJ syndrome

A

Caused by excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching that results in the misalignment of articular disc or damage to articular cartilage

78
Q

Symptoms of TMJ syndrome

A

Jaw clicking
Pain and tenderness in jaw
Difficulty chewing
Locking of jaw

79
Q

What artery supplies muscles of mastication?

A

Maxillary
Branch of external carotid

80
Q

What artery supplies dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery
Branch of maxillary

81
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Injury to skull resulting in the tearing of arterial branches and intracranial bleeding

82
Q

Causes of epidural hematoma

A

Head injury
Physical assaults
Accidental falls
Break in temporal bone

83
Q

Symptoms of epidural hematoma

A

Rapid neurological degeneration
Severe headaches
Nerve damage

84
Q

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

A

Provides motor innervation to the lateral rectus muscle; abduction

85
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, sensory innervation to tongue

86
Q

Vesibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)

A

Transmits info regarding sound and equilibrium

86
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

Controls muscles of tongue

87
Q

The autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

88
Q

Where do parasympathetic ganglia receive innervation from?

A

Receive preganglionic fibres from oculomotor, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

89
Q

4 Parasympathetic ganglia

A
  1. Ciliary
  2. Pterygopalatine
  3. Submandibular
  4. Otic
90
Q

Otic ganglion

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Innervates parotid gland

91
Q

Preganglionic fibres of otic ganglion

A

Leave medulla oblongata of brainstem as glossopharyngeal nerve

92
Q

Postganglionic fibres of otic ganglion

A

Join auriculotemporal nerve to innervate parotid gland

93
Q

What is the auriculotemporal nerve a branch of?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

94
Q

Frey’s syndrome

A

Damage to auriculotemporal nerve causing parasympathetic nerve fibres to switch course to sympathetic response resulting in gustatory sweating in anticipation of eating instead of normal salivary response

95
Q

How is Frey’s syndrome diagnosed?

A

Eat a lemon wedge, if they sweat excessively they can be diagnosed with it

96
Q

Arterial supply of face

A
  1. Ophthalmic artery
  2. Superficial temporal artery
  3. Facial artery
97
Q

Ophthalmic artery

A

Branch of internal carotid artery, supplies eyes and forehead

98
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

Arises from external carotid artery in parotid gland
Supplies temple, scalp and parotid gland

99
Q

Facial artery

A

Supplies superficial structures of skin and face and some muscles of facial expression and mastication
Branch of external carotid

100
Q

Superficial temporal artery anuerysm

A

Bulging or weakening of STA caused by injury to head

101
Q

Symptoms of superficial temporal artery anuerysm

A

Lump and headaches

102
Q

What vein drains the face?

A

Facial vein

103
Q

Where does the facial vein empty in to?

A

Internal jugular vein

104
Q

Where does facial vein drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus

105
Q

The danger triangle

A

Cavernous sinus region
Called this due to risk of spread of infection via facial vein

106
Q

What nerves would be affected by an infection in danger triangle?

A

Trochlear (CNIV), Abducens and ophthalmic nerve

107
Q

Lymph nodes of face

A
  1. Deep cervical nodes
  2. Superficial cervical nodes
  3. Collar nodes
108
Q

Deep cervical nodes

A

Deep to SCM
Closely related to internal jugular vein

109
Q

Superficial cervical nodes

A

Found on SCM and associated with external jugular vein

110
Q

Collar nodes

A

Collar location at junction of head and neck

111
Q

Where does all lymphatic drainage of head empty into?

A

Deep cervical nodes which drain into either right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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