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ANAT380 > Module 7a: The head > Flashcards

Module 7a: The head Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the scalp

A

S- skin
C- dense connective tissue
A- aponeurosis
L- loose connective tissue
P- pericranium

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2
Q

Skin of scalp

A

Contains all epidermal appendages including hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

Dense connective tissue of scalp

A

Highly vascularized and innervated layer, also contains hair follicles

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4
Q

Aponeurosis of scalp

A

Thin, broad, tendon like sheet that covers the dome of the skull

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5
Q

Loose connective tissue of scalp

A

Danger area, infections easily spread within it and enter cranial cavity

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6
Q

Pericranium of scalp

A

Thin layer of CT that covers bones of skull; protects skull and provides nutrients to bones

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7
Q

Complications of hair transplant

A

Nerve damage causing numbness, bleeding from vascular damage, prolonged pain

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8
Q

Three salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Sublingual gland
  3. Submandibular gland
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9
Q

Ducts of parotid gland

A

Secretions exit through Stensen’s duct

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10
Q

Stensen’s duct

A

Passes superficial to masseter muscle and pierces buccinator to open up into oral cavity opp second upper molar tooth

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11
Q

Ducts of submandibular gland

A

Mixed secretions exit through Wharton’s duct into the sublingual papillae behind the lower incisors on side of lingual frenulum

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12
Q

Salivary gland stones

A

Calcified stones that form when chemicals in the saliva accumulate in the duct or gland

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13
Q

What glands do salivary gland stones affect?

A

Parotid and submandibular

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14
Q

Symptoms of salivary gland stones

A

Swelling, pain in lower jaw, difficulty opening mouth

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15
Q

Risk factor of salivary gland stones

A

Reduced saliva production or thickened saliva

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16
Q

Factors leading to reduced/thickened saliva

A

Dehydration
Poor eating
Meds
Trauma ro glands
Genetics

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17
Q

Buccinator

A

Contraction pulls cheeks tightly against teeth, preventing food from collecting btwn teeth and gums during mastication

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18
Q

Branches of facial nerve

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Cervical
  4. Buccal
  5. Marginal mandibular
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19
Q

Buccinator muscle strain

A

Deep pain in cheek that can resemble a painful cavity or an abscessed tooth; occurs from strenuous activity of jaw

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20
Q

Symptoms of buccal muscle strain

A

Pain during chewing, moving food in mouth, smiling, swallowing `

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21
Q

Trigeminal nerve innervation

A

Sensory and motor info

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22
Q

3 branches of trigeminal nerve

A
  1. Mandibular nerve (V3)
  2. Maxillary (V2)
  3. Opthalmic (V1)
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23
Q

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

Supplies skin of lower lip, lower face, temporal region and upper part of external ear

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24
Q

Mandibular nerve motor supply

A

Only this division carries motor info to muscles of mastication

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25
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
Innervates skin of lateral sides of nose, lower eyelid, cheek, temporal region and upper lip
26
Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
Carries sensory info from skin of forehead, upper eyelid, midline of nose
27
Trigeminal neuralgia
Chronic pain condition resulting from damage to trigeminal nerve
28
Causes of trigeminal neuralgia
Compression of nerve Multiple sclerosis Natural aging process
29
Symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia
Stabbing/shooting pain Forehead region affected Pain triggered by brushing teeth, shaving, brushing front of hair and putting on cream Pain comes in attacks
30
Elevation of eyeball
Superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles
31
Depression of eyeball
Inferior rectus and superior oblique muscles
32
Abduction of eyeball
Lateral rectus
33
Adduction of eyeball
Medial rectus
34
Arterial supply of eyeball
Opthalmic artery
35
Opthalmic artery
Branch of internal carotid artery, enters orbit w optic nerve through optic canal
36
What does the opthalmic artery supply?
Contents of orbit and eyelids
37
What artery supplies retina of eyeball?
Central retinal artery
38
Venous drainage of eyeball
Superior opthalmic vein
39
Superior opthalmic vein
Passes through superior orbital fissure to drain in to cavernous sinus
40
Pyomyositis of extraocular muscles
Acute bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus
41
Symptoms of pyomyositis of extraocular muscles
Pain, swelling, redness, restricted movement, vision impairment, reduced blood supply to eye
42
Three parts of the ear
1. External 2. Middle 3. Inner
43
Middle ear
Air-containing space within temporal bone that functions to transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to internal ear
44
Lateral border of middle ear
Tympanic membrane
45
Medial border of middle ear
Separates middle ear from inner ear
46
Posterior border of middle ear
Thin bone separating tympanic cavity from mastoid air cells in temporal bone
47
Roof (tegmental wall) of middle ear
Tegmen tympani Separates middle ear from cranial fossa
48
Floor (jugular wall) of middle ear
Separates middle ear from internal jugular vein
49
Lower anterior border of middle ear
Separates tympanic cavity from internal carotid artery
50
Upper anterior border of middle ear
Incomplete bc it has opening for eustachian tube
51
Eustachian tube
Btwn middle ear and nasopharynx Equalizes air pressure on either side of tympanic membrane allowing it to vibrate freely
52
Parts of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone superiorly Vomer bone inferiorly Septal cartilage anteriorly
53
Arterial supply of nasal septum
Internal and external carotid arteries Ophthalmic and maxillary arteries Kiesselbach's plexus (anastomoses of opthalmic and maxillary arteries)
54
Sensory innervation of anterosuperior part nasal septum
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
55
Sensory innervation of rest of nasal septum
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
56
Nasal polyps
Soft, painless, noncancerous growths that hand down like teardrops or grapes from lining of nasal cavit
57
Causes of nasal polyps
Chronic inflammation of vascular supply in walls of nasal cavity which may be associated with asthma, infection, allergies
58
Symptoms of nasal polyps
Larger ones can block nasal passages leading to loss of smell, breathing problems and post nasal drip
59
Sensory innervation of tongue
1. Glossopharyngeal nerve 2. Trigeminal nerve 3. Facial nerve
60
Glossopharyngeal nerve supply of tongue
Lingual branches supply general and sensory innervation to posterior 1/3
61
Trigeminal nerve supply of tongue
Mandibular branch gives rise to lingual nerve that supplies anterior 2/3
62
Lingual nerve and wisdom tooth extraction
Susceptible to damage during wisdom tooth surgery
63
Facial nerve supply of tongue
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by lingual nerve to chorda tympani
64
The lingual artery
Branch of external carotid Supplies tongue, sublingual gland, floor of mouth
65
Dysgeusia
Distortion of sense of taste, issues with swallowing and impaired gag reflex
66
Muscles of mastication
Medial and lateral pterygoid Masseter Buccinator Temporalis
67
Lateral pterygoid muscle insertion
Neck of mandible and capsule of articular disc of TMJ Fibres run horizontal
68
Medial pterygoid insertion
Medial surface of mandible near its angle Fibres run downward and backward
69
What muscles of mastication perform elevation?
Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
70
What causes depression of muscles of mastication?
Gravity and relaxation of muscles
71
What muscles of mastication perform lateral movement?
Medial and lateral pterygoids
72
What muscles of mastication perform protraction?
Lateral pterygoid
73
What muscles of mastication perform retraction?
Temporalis
74
Innervation of muscles of mastication
Trigeminal nerve via mandibular nerve
75
Lateral pterygoid strain symptoms
Pain radiating to maxilla Pain at TMJ TMJ dysfuction
76
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Synovial modified hinge joint btwn head of mandible, mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone
77
TMJ syndrome
Caused by excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching that results in the misalignment of articular disc or damage to articular cartilage
78
Symptoms of TMJ syndrome
Jaw clicking Pain and tenderness in jaw Difficulty chewing Locking of jaw
79
What artery supplies muscles of mastication?
Maxillary Branch of external carotid
80
What artery supplies dura mater?
Middle meningeal artery Branch of maxillary
81
Epidural hematoma
Injury to skull resulting in the tearing of arterial branches and intracranial bleeding
82
Causes of epidural hematoma
Head injury Physical assaults Accidental falls Break in temporal bone
83
Symptoms of epidural hematoma
Rapid neurological degeneration Severe headaches Nerve damage
84
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Provides motor innervation to the lateral rectus muscle; abduction
85
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, sensory innervation to tongue
86
Vesibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
Transmits info regarding sound and equilibrium
86
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Controls muscles of tongue
87
The autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
88
Where do parasympathetic ganglia receive innervation from?
Receive preganglionic fibres from oculomotor, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
89
4 Parasympathetic ganglia
1. Ciliary 2. Pterygopalatine 3. Submandibular 4. Otic
90
Otic ganglion
Glossopharyngeal nerve Innervates parotid gland
91
Preganglionic fibres of otic ganglion
Leave medulla oblongata of brainstem as glossopharyngeal nerve
92
Postganglionic fibres of otic ganglion
Join auriculotemporal nerve to innervate parotid gland
93
What is the auriculotemporal nerve a branch of?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
94
Frey's syndrome
Damage to auriculotemporal nerve causing parasympathetic nerve fibres to switch course to sympathetic response resulting in gustatory sweating in anticipation of eating instead of normal salivary response
95
How is Frey's syndrome diagnosed?
Eat a lemon wedge, if they sweat excessively they can be diagnosed with it
96
Arterial supply of face
1. Ophthalmic artery 2. Superficial temporal artery 3. Facial artery
97
Ophthalmic artery
Branch of internal carotid artery, supplies eyes and forehead
98
Superficial temporal artery
Arises from external carotid artery in parotid gland Supplies temple, scalp and parotid gland
99
Facial artery
Supplies superficial structures of skin and face and some muscles of facial expression and mastication Branch of external carotid
100
Superficial temporal artery anuerysm
Bulging or weakening of STA caused by injury to head
101
Symptoms of superficial temporal artery anuerysm
Lump and headaches
102
What vein drains the face?
Facial vein
103
Where does the facial vein empty in to?
Internal jugular vein
104
Where does facial vein drain into?
Cavernous sinus
105
The danger triangle
Cavernous sinus region Called this due to risk of spread of infection via facial vein
106
What nerves would be affected by an infection in danger triangle?
Trochlear (CNIV), Abducens and ophthalmic nerve
107
Lymph nodes of face
1. Deep cervical nodes 2. Superficial cervical nodes 3. Collar nodes
108
Deep cervical nodes
Deep to SCM Closely related to internal jugular vein
109
Superficial cervical nodes
Found on SCM and associated with external jugular vein
110
Collar nodes
Collar location at junction of head and neck
111
Where does all lymphatic drainage of head empty into?
Deep cervical nodes which drain into either right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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