Module 5: Back and axilla Flashcards
The sacrum
Large bone located at terminal part of vertebral column
What does the sacrum articulate with?
Articulates with ileum bilaterally and fifth lumbar vertebrae at its base
Sacral canal
Continuation of vertebral canal terminating at sacral hiatus
Sacral foramina
4 sacral foramina located lateral to the fused sacral bodies
Sacral cornua
Two bony processes that palpated by clinicians as an anatomical landmark when administrating injections into sacral hiatus
Promontory
Where upper border of base of sacrum articulates with L5
The coccyx
Four fused coccygeal vertebrae that articulate with sacrum superiorly at sacrococcygeal joint
Accessory ligaments of vertebral column
- Ligamentum flavum
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Narrowing of vertebral canal in lumbar region; caused by extra bone or tissue growth in the vertebral canal from calcification of ligamentum flavum or outgrowth of bone
Symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis
Numbness and weakness in lower limb, lower back pain, pain with walking and standing, pain relief when bending forward
Extrinsic muscles of the back
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major and minor
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Insertion of latissimus dorsi
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus (bicipital groove)
Symptoms of latissimus dorsi strain
Lower back pain that radiates up to scapula, pain with lateral flexion or extension of back, adduction, rotation of arm
What are the erector spinae muscles (lateral to medial)
Iliocostalis, longissiumus and spinalis
Action of erector spinae muscles
Extend vertebral column
Symptoms of illiocostalis muscle strain
Back pain, decreased ROM of spine, pain that worsens when sitting for long periods, standing or climbing stairs
Common injured regions of iliocostalis muscle
- Iliocostalis thoracis
- Iliocostalis lumborum
Iliocostalis thoracis region
Pain felt along medial border of scapula and posterior thorax
Iliocostalis lumborum region
Pain felt in sacroiliac region
How is the iliocostalis muscle strain different from a latissimus dorsi muscle strain?
Latissimus dorsi- superolateral pain
Iliocostalis strain- anterior and posterior thorax pain, pain that radiates to sacroiliac region
Anterior wall of axilla
Pec major
Posterior wall of axilla
Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Medial wall of axilla
Serratus anterior
Lateral wall of axilla
Inter-tubercular sulcus of humerus
Apex of axilla
Base of neck
Base of axilla
Skin of armpit
What makes up the brachial plexus?
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
What spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?
Ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
Trunks of brachial plexus
Superior: C5-C6
Middle: C7
Inferior: C8-T1
Divisions of brachial plexus
3 anterior
3 posterior
Cords of brachial plexus
Medial, lateral posterior
Formed by combination of anterior and posterior divisions
Branches of brachial plexus
- Musculocutaneous nerve (lateral cord)
- Axillary (posterior cord)
- Median (medial and lateral cord)
- Radial (posterior cord)
- Ulnar (medial cord)
Musculocutaneous nerve
C5-C7
Motor innervation to anterior compartment of arm
Axillary nerve
C5, C6
Motor innervation to deltoid and teres minor
Median nerve
C6-T1
Motor innervation to most of muscles of anterior compartment of forearm and five intrinsic muscles of hand
Radial nerve
C5-T1
Motor innervation to posterior compartment of arm and forearm
Ulnar nerve
C8-T1
Motor innervation to 2 muscles of anterior compartment of forearm and most of intrinsic muscles of hand
Posterior cord damage (radial and axillary nerve)
Paralysis of deltoid muscle (abduction) and muscles of posterior compartment of arm (extension)
What arteries supply the upper limb?
- Subclavian
- Axillary
- Brachial
- Radial and ulnar
Axillary artery damage symptoms
Bruising, swelling/redness, elevated temp, weak radial pulse
What veins drain the upper limb?
Radial
Ulnar
Cephalic
Basilic
Medial cubital
Brachial
Axillary
Radial vein
Drains blood from deep structures of palm and lateral aspect of forearm
Ulnar vein
Drains blood from deep structures of palm and medial aspect of forearm
Cephalic vein
Drains into axillary vein
Begins at dorsum of hand and travels up lateral side of anterior forearm
Basilic vein
Becomes axillary vein
Begins on dorsum of hand, travels up medial side of anterior forearm
Medial cubital vein
Connects basilic and cephalic veins at cubital fossa
Where blood is drawn
Brachial vein
Drains into axillary vein
Receives blood from radial and ulnar veins
Axillary vein
Becomes subclavian vein
