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ANAT380 > Module 6: The upper limb > Flashcards

Module 6: The upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral girdle function

A

Connects upper limb to thorax

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2
Q

Joints of pectoral girdle

A
  1. Glenohumeral joint
  2. Acromioclavicular joint
  3. Sternoclavicular joint
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3
Q

Ligaments of pectoral girdle

A

Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament
Coracoclavicular ligament
Glenohumeral ligament

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4
Q

Acromioclavicular ligament

A

Btwn acromion process of scapula and clavicle

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5
Q

Coracoacromial ligament

A

Connects acromion and coracoid process of scapula; forms a vault that prevents displacement of humeral head superiorly

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6
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament

A

Main stabilizer of acromoclavicular joint as it anchors the clavicle to the coracoid process of scapula

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7
Q

Glenohumeral ligaments

A

Stabilize glenohumeral joint especially during adduction of the arm

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8
Q

Anterior shoulder sublaxation

A

When head of humerus is partially displaced anteriorly out of glenoid cavity
Results from a fall on outstretched arm or sport-related injury

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9
Q

Symptoms of anterior shoulder sublaxation

A

Pain
Limited ROM
Palpable gap btwn acromion and humeral head
Swelling and bruising

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10
Q

The glenohumeral joint

A

Ball and socket btwn shallow glenoid cavity and head of humerus

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11
Q

The glenoid labrum

A

Rim of fibrocartilage that deepens and stabilizes glenohumeral joint

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12
Q

Rotator cuff or dynamic ligaments

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspintus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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13
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid filled sacs lined by synovial membrane that provide cushioning btwn bones, tendons and muscles, prevent friction

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14
Q

Types of bursa in shoulder joint

A
  1. Subacromial bursa
  2. Subdeltoid bursa
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15
Q

Subacromial bursa

A

Separates superior surface of supraspinatus tendon from acromion, coracoid and coraco-acromial ligament superiorly

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16
Q

Subdeltoid bursa

A

Separates deep surface of deltoid muscle from shoulder joint

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17
Q

Shoulder bursitis

A

Inflammation and thickening of bursae due to an increased amount of friction

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18
Q

Symptoms of shoulder bursitis

A

Excessive swelling
Warmth
Pain/pressure

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19
Q

Teres major

A

O: Inferior part of lateral border of scapula
I: Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus on humerus
A: extension and medial rotation of humerus

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20
Q

Supraspinatus

A

O: Supraspinous fossa of superior part of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus
A: Abduction of humerus

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21
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

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22
Q

Supraspinatus origin

A

In supraspinous fossa, superior to scapular spine

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23
Q

Infraspinatus origin

A

In infraspinous fossa

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24
Q

Subscapularis origin

A

Subscapular fossa

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25
Q

Teres minor origin

A

Middle of lateral border of scapula

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26
Q

Surpaspinatus tear

A

Rupture of tendon near site of insertion

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27
Q

Symptoms of supraspinatus tear

A

Audible pop, rapid onset of shoulder pain, swelling and reduced ROM

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28
Q

Muscles of anterior compartment of the arm

A

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

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29
Q

Action of muscles of anterior compartment of arm

A

Flexion of forearm at elbow
Flexion of arm at glenohumeral joint

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30
Q

Muscles of posterior compartment of arm

A

Triceps brachii

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31
Q

Three heads of triceps brachii

A
  1. Long head
  2. Lateral head
  3. Medial head
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32
Q

Origin of long head of triceps

A

Infraglenoid tubercle

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33
Q

Insertion of triceps

A

Common tendon at olecranon of ulna

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34
Q

Action of posterior compartment of arm

A

Extension

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35
Q

Cubital fossa

A

Triangular depression on anterior surface of elbow joint

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36
Q

What does the cubital fossa contain?
(lateral to medial)

A

Tendon of biceps brachii, brachial artery and median nerve

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37
Q

Superior border of cubital fossa

A

Imaginary line btwn humeral epicondyles

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38
Q

Lateral border of cubital fossa

A

Brachioradialis

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39
Q

Medial border of cubital fossa

A

Pronator teres

40
Q

The popeye deformity/distal biceps tendon rupture

A

Budge in upper arm resulting due to the rupture of a muscle at the site of its origin/insertion

41
Q

Where does the biceps tendon insert?

A

Radial tuberosity

42
Q

Symptoms of popeye deformity

A

Pain, swelling, bruising, weakness in elbow flexion

43
Q

Three articulations of the elbow joint

A
  1. Humeroradial joint
  2. Humeroulnar joint
  3. Superior (proximal) radioulnar joint
44
Q

Humeroradial joint

A

Btwn capitulum of humerus and concave upper surface of head of radius

45
Q

Humeroulnar joint

A

Btwn trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

46
Q

Superior radioulnar joint

A

Synovial joint btwn head of radius and radial notch of ulna

47
Q

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

A

Common overuse injury resulting in tiny tears at tendinous origin of extensor muscles at lateral epidocondyle

48
Q

What muscle is most commonly implicated in lateral epicondylitis?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

49
Q

Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis

A

Pain and tenderness at rest and during movement
Limited mobility and reduced strength

50
Q

Proximal radioulnar joint

A

Head of radius and radial notch of ulna

51
Q

Annular ligament

A

Encircles head of radius, holding it against radial notch of ulna

52
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

Fibrous joint btwn ulna and radius
Divides forearm into anterior and posterior compartments

53
Q

Distal radioulnar joint

A

Head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius

54
Q

Radial head sublaxation

A

Occurs when upper limb is jerked superiorly and is pronated resulting in partial disclosure of the head of the radius from the annular ligament

55
Q

Symptoms of radial head sublaxation

A

Audible pop, pain with supination and pronation, limited extension and flexion of forearm and elbow

56
Q

Superficial muscles of anterior compartment of forearm

A

Pronator teres

57
Q

Intermediate muscles of anterior compartment of forearm

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

58
Q

Deep muscles of anterior compartment of forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

59
Q

Pronator teres syndrome

A

Pronator teres hypertrophy resulting from repetitive pronation of the forearm causing median nerve entrapment

60
Q

Symptoms of pronator teres syndrome

A

Pain in anterior forearm
Weakness when flexing wrist
Weakness in thumb and numbness and tingling of skin on hand of first 4 digits

61
Q

Muscles of superficial layer of posterior compartment of forearm

A

Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

62
Q

Extensor digitorum action

A

Extends digits 2-5 and hand at wrist

63
Q

Extensor digitorum muscle strain

A

Overuse of extensor digitorum

64
Q

Symptoms of extensor digitorum muscle strain

A

Reduced grip strength and stiffness in fingers

65
Q

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

A

Scaphoid bone as it is the largest bone that articulated with the radius

66
Q

When does a fracture of scaphoid bone commonly occur?

A

From a fall on an extended wrist

67
Q

Symptoms of a fractured scaphoid bone

A

Pain with abduction and adduction of thumb

68
Q

Joints of the hand and wrist

A
  1. Intercarpal joints
  2. Midcarpal joints
  3. Radiocarpal joint
69
Q

Intercarpal joints

A

Synovial plane joints btwn carpal bones; perform gliding movement

70
Q

Midcarpal joints

A

Articulation btwn proximal and distal rows of carpal bones; gliding

71
Q

Radiocarpal joint

A

Biaxial, synovial, ellipsoidal joint formed btwn distal end of radius and proximal row of carpal bones (not pisiform)

72
Q

What actions can the radiocarpal joint perform?

A

Extension
Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

73
Q

The carpal tunnel

A

Formed by the concavity of the carpal bones covered by a bridge of deep fascia (flexor retinaculum)

74
Q

What does the carpal tunnel allow for the passage of?

A

Median nerve and 9 flexor tendons

75
Q

9 flexor tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel

A

4 flexor digitorum superficialis
4 flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

76
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Tunnel becomes narrowed or structures surrounding the median nerve put pressure of median nerve

77
Q

Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Pain in anterior wrist and hand
Numbness and tingling of thumb, index, middle and 1/2 of 4th finger on planar side

78
Q

Extrinsic muscles of hand

A

Long flexor and extensor muscles of forearm
Pass deep to extensor retinaculum

79
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

A
  1. Hypothenar muscles
  2. Thenar muscles
  3. Dorsal interossei
  4. Palmar interossei
80
Q

Hypothenar muscles

A

Movement of 5th digit

81
Q

Thenar muscles

A

Movements of thumb

82
Q

Dorsal interossei

A

Finger abduction

83
Q

Palmar interossei

A

Finger adduction

84
Q
A
85
Q

Tight palmar interossei causes

A

Caused by overuse, injury, dehydration, stress, spasm

86
Q

Symptoms of tight palmar interossei

A

Inability to bear weight, pain with palpation

87
Q

Superficial palmar arch

A

Formed by radial artery joining ulnar artery medially
Superficial to long flexor tendons of hand

88
Q

Branches of superficial palmar arch

A

4 branches supply medial three and a half fingers

89
Q

Deep palmar arch

A

Radial artery enters deep part of palm, completed by deep branch of ulnar artery

90
Q

Branches of deep palmar arch

A

Branches to thumb and lateral half of 2nd finger

91
Q

Hypothenar hammer syndrome

A

Ulnar artery compressed against bony hook of hamate

92
Q

Symptoms of hypothenar artery syndrome

A

Ischemia, discolouration, parethesia, temperature sensitivity of digits 2-5

93
Q

Ulnar nerve innervation of hand

A

Cutaneous branches provide sensation to skin of palmar and dorsal aspects of digits 4 and 5 and adjacent palm

94
Q

Median nerve innervation of hand

A

Palmar surface- lateral 3 and 1/2 digits
Dorsal surface- distal halves of lateral 3 and 1/2 digits

95
Q

Radial nerve innervation of hand

A

Dorsal surface- proximal portion of digits 1, 2 and 3 and lateral 1/2 of digit 4

96
Q

What intrinsic muscles of the hand does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

Medial two lumbricals
Hypothenar muscles
Palmar and dorsal interossei
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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