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ANAT380 > Module 6: The upper limb > Flashcards

Module 6: The upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral girdle function

A

Connects upper limb to thorax

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2
Q

Joints of pectoral girdle

A
  1. Glenohumeral joint
  2. Acromioclavicular joint
  3. Sternoclavicular joint
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3
Q

Ligaments of pectoral girdle

A

Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament
Coracoclavicular ligament
Glenohumeral ligament

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4
Q

Acromioclavicular ligament

A

Btwn acromion process of scapula and clavicle

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5
Q

Coracoacromial ligament

A

Connects acromion and coracoid process of scapula; forms a vault that prevents displacement of humeral head superiorly

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6
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament

A

Main stabilizer of acromoclavicular joint as it anchors the clavicle to the coracoid process of scapula

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7
Q

Glenohumeral ligaments

A

Stabilize glenohumeral joint especially during adduction of the arm

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8
Q

Anterior shoulder sublaxation

A

When head of humerus is partially displaced anteriorly out of glenoid cavity
Results from a fall on outstretched arm or sport-related injury

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9
Q

Symptoms of anterior shoulder sublaxation

A

Pain
Limited ROM
Palpable gap btwn acromion and humeral head
Swelling and bruising

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10
Q

The glenohumeral joint

A

Ball and socket btwn shallow glenoid cavity and head of humerus

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11
Q

The glenoid labrum

A

Rim of fibrocartilage that deepens and stabilizes glenohumeral joint

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12
Q

Rotator cuff or dynamic ligaments

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspintus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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13
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid filled sacs lined by synovial membrane that provide cushioning btwn bones, tendons and muscles, prevent friction

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14
Q

Types of bursa in shoulder joint

A
  1. Subacromial bursa
  2. Subdeltoid bursa
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15
Q

Subacromial bursa

A

Separates superior surface of supraspinatus tendon from acromion, coracoid and coraco-acromial ligament superiorly

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16
Q

Subdeltoid bursa

A

Separates deep surface of deltoid muscle from shoulder joint

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17
Q

Shoulder bursitis

A

Inflammation and thickening of bursae due to an increased amount of friction

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18
Q

Symptoms of shoulder bursitis

A

Excessive swelling
Warmth
Pain/pressure

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19
Q

Teres major

A

O: Inferior part of lateral border of scapula
I: Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus on humerus
A: extension and medial rotation of humerus

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20
Q

Supraspinatus

A

O: Supraspinous fossa of superior part of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus
A: Abduction of humerus

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21
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

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22
Q

Supraspinatus origin

A

In supraspinous fossa, superior to scapular spine

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23
Q

Infraspinatus origin

A

In infraspinous fossa

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24
Q

Subscapularis origin

A

Subscapular fossa

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25
Teres minor origin
Middle of lateral border of scapula
26
Surpaspinatus tear
Rupture of tendon near site of insertion
27
Symptoms of supraspinatus tear
Audible pop, rapid onset of shoulder pain, swelling and reduced ROM
28
Muscles of anterior compartment of the arm
Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Brachialis
29
Action of muscles of anterior compartment of arm
Flexion of forearm at elbow Flexion of arm at glenohumeral joint
30
Muscles of posterior compartment of arm
Triceps brachii
31
Three heads of triceps brachii
1. Long head 2. Lateral head 3. Medial head
32
Origin of long head of triceps
Infraglenoid tubercle
33
Insertion of triceps
Common tendon at olecranon of ulna
34
Action of posterior compartment of arm
Extension
35
Cubital fossa
Triangular depression on anterior surface of elbow joint
36
What does the cubital fossa contain? (lateral to medial)
Tendon of biceps brachii, brachial artery and median nerve
37
Superior border of cubital fossa
Imaginary line btwn humeral epicondyles
38
Lateral border of cubital fossa
Brachioradialis
39
Medial border of cubital fossa
Pronator teres
40
The popeye deformity/distal biceps tendon rupture
Budge in upper arm resulting due to the rupture of a muscle at the site of its origin/insertion
41
Where does the biceps tendon insert?
Radial tuberosity
42
Symptoms of popeye deformity
Pain, swelling, bruising, weakness in elbow flexion
43
Three articulations of the elbow joint
1. Humeroradial joint 2. Humeroulnar joint 3. Superior (proximal) radioulnar joint
44
Humeroradial joint
Btwn capitulum of humerus and concave upper surface of head of radius
45
Humeroulnar joint
Btwn trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
46
Superior radioulnar joint
Synovial joint btwn head of radius and radial notch of ulna
47
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
Common overuse injury resulting in tiny tears at tendinous origin of extensor muscles at lateral epidocondyle
48
What muscle is most commonly implicated in lateral epicondylitis?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
49
Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis
Pain and tenderness at rest and during movement Limited mobility and reduced strength
50
Proximal radioulnar joint
Head of radius and radial notch of ulna
51
Annular ligament
Encircles head of radius, holding it against radial notch of ulna
52
Interosseous membrane
Fibrous joint btwn ulna and radius Divides forearm into anterior and posterior compartments
53
Distal radioulnar joint
Head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
54
Radial head sublaxation
Occurs when upper limb is jerked superiorly and is pronated resulting in partial disclosure of the head of the radius from the annular ligament
55
Symptoms of radial head sublaxation
Audible pop, pain with supination and pronation, limited extension and flexion of forearm and elbow
56
Superficial muscles of anterior compartment of forearm
Pronator teres
57
Intermediate muscles of anterior compartment of forearm
Flexor digitorum superficialis
58
Deep muscles of anterior compartment of forearm
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus
59
Pronator teres syndrome
Pronator teres hypertrophy resulting from repetitive pronation of the forearm causing median nerve entrapment
60
Symptoms of pronator teres syndrome
Pain in anterior forearm Weakness when flexing wrist Weakness in thumb and numbness and tingling of skin on hand of first 4 digits
61
Muscles of superficial layer of posterior compartment of forearm
Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis
62
Extensor digitorum action
Extends digits 2-5 and hand at wrist
63
Extensor digitorum muscle strain
Overuse of extensor digitorum
64
Symptoms of extensor digitorum muscle strain
Reduced grip strength and stiffness in fingers
65
What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?
Scaphoid bone as it is the largest bone that articulated with the radius
66
When does a fracture of scaphoid bone commonly occur?
From a fall on an extended wrist
67
Symptoms of a fractured scaphoid bone
Pain with abduction and adduction of thumb
68
Joints of the hand and wrist
1. Intercarpal joints 2. Midcarpal joints 3. Radiocarpal joint
69
Intercarpal joints
Synovial plane joints btwn carpal bones; perform gliding movement
70
Midcarpal joints
Articulation btwn proximal and distal rows of carpal bones; gliding
71
Radiocarpal joint
Biaxial, synovial, ellipsoidal joint formed btwn distal end of radius and proximal row of carpal bones (not pisiform)
72
What actions can the radiocarpal joint perform?
Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Circumduction
73
The carpal tunnel
Formed by the concavity of the carpal bones covered by a bridge of deep fascia (flexor retinaculum)
74
What does the carpal tunnel allow for the passage of?
Median nerve and 9 flexor tendons
75
9 flexor tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel
4 flexor digitorum superficialis 4 flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus
76
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tunnel becomes narrowed or structures surrounding the median nerve put pressure of median nerve
77
Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain in anterior wrist and hand Numbness and tingling of thumb, index, middle and 1/2 of 4th finger on planar side
78
Extrinsic muscles of hand
Long flexor and extensor muscles of forearm Pass deep to extensor retinaculum
79
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
1. Hypothenar muscles 2. Thenar muscles 3. Dorsal interossei 4. Palmar interossei
80
Hypothenar muscles
Movement of 5th digit
81
Thenar muscles
Movements of thumb
82
Dorsal interossei
Finger abduction
83
Palmar interossei
Finger adduction
84
85
Tight palmar interossei causes
Caused by overuse, injury, dehydration, stress, spasm
86
Symptoms of tight palmar interossei
Inability to bear weight, pain with palpation
87
Superficial palmar arch
Formed by radial artery joining ulnar artery medially Superficial to long flexor tendons of hand
88
Branches of superficial palmar arch
4 branches supply medial three and a half fingers
89
Deep palmar arch
Radial artery enters deep part of palm, completed by deep branch of ulnar artery
90
Branches of deep palmar arch
Branches to thumb and lateral half of 2nd finger
91
Hypothenar hammer syndrome
Ulnar artery compressed against bony hook of hamate
92
Symptoms of hypothenar artery syndrome
Ischemia, discolouration, parethesia, temperature sensitivity of digits 2-5
93
Ulnar nerve innervation of hand
Cutaneous branches provide sensation to skin of palmar and dorsal aspects of digits 4 and 5 and adjacent palm
94
Median nerve innervation of hand
Palmar surface- lateral 3 and 1/2 digits Dorsal surface- distal halves of lateral 3 and 1/2 digits
95
Radial nerve innervation of hand
Dorsal surface- proximal portion of digits 1, 2 and 3 and lateral 1/2 of digit 4
96
What intrinsic muscles of the hand does the ulnar nerve supply?
Medial two lumbricals Hypothenar muscles Palmar and dorsal interossei Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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