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ANAT380 > Module 4: The lower limb > Flashcards

Module 4: The lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of gluteal region

A

Gluteal muscles (max, med, min)
Lateral (external) rotator muscles

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2
Q

Lateral rotator muscles

A

Lateral rotation of femur at hip joint, deep to gluteal muscles

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3
Q

Lateral rotator muscles

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
Obturator externus

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4
Q

Piriformis

A

Attaches to the pelvic surface of the lateral part of the sacrum and leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen to attach femur

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5
Q

Obturator internus

A

Originates on obturator membrane of pelvis and its tendon exits the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen to insert on femur

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6
Q

Superior and inferior gemelli

A

Run above and below obturator internus

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7
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

Runs from ischial tuberosity

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8
Q

Obturator externus

A

Runs from outer surface of obturator membrane to femur

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9
Q

Gemellus pain syndrome

A

Strained gemelli muscles when trying to aid in flexion at the hip joint

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10
Q

Symptoms of gemellus pain syndrome

A

Compressed posterior femoral cutaneous muscle
Reduced range of motion at hip, numbness in skin of posterior thigh

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11
Q

Blood supply to gluteal region

A

Branches of internal iliac artery: superior and inferior gluteal arteries

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12
Q

Venous supply to gluteal region

A

Superior and inferior gluteal veins, drain into internal iliac vein

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13
Q

Internal iliac artery stenosis

A

Narrowing of the internal iliac arteries reduces blood supply to the structures supplied by branches of the internal iliac artery

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14
Q

Symptoms of internal iliac artery stenosis

A

Cramping of muscles in lower back, hip, buttock or thigh, further induced by exercise

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15
Q

Innervation of gluteal region

A

Sacral plexus
- superior and inferior gluteal nerve
- posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- sciatic nerve
- pudendal nerve

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16
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

Supplies motor innervation to gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae

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17
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A

Supplies motor innervation to gluteus maximus

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18
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

Supplies sensory innervation to skin posterior thigh

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19
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Largest nerve in body, supplies muscles that make up the posterior thigh
L4, L5, S1-S3

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20
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

Motor innervation to anal sphincters and the urethral sphincter
Sensory innervation to the perineum, the penis, the scrotum, labia majora and clitoris

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21
Q

Pathway of sciatic nerve through the gluteal region

A

After forming from the sacral plexus, the sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen and emerges below the piriformis muscle

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22
Q

Pathway of sciatic nerve through posterior thigh

A

Passes superficial to the lateral rotator muscles, where it enters the posterior thigh deep to hamstring muscles

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23
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A

Caused by compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle

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24
Q

Symptoms of piriformis muscle

A

Pain, tingling, numbness at affected site, pain can radiate to lower back where the spinal nerves converge to from the sciatic nerve, down the thigh, along the same path as sciatic nerve

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25
The hip joint
Ball and socket synovial joint
26
Acetabular labrum
Rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the acetabulum, allowing more than half the femoral head to fit
27
Ligamentum teres
Secondary stabilizer of hip joint supplementing work of capsular ligament
28
Fibrous capsule
Thick and strong group of ligaments that help hold head of femur in acetebulum
29
Traumatic posterior hip sublaxation
Sublaxation (partial dislocation) occurs when the head of the femur is forced partially out of the acetabulum
30
What can result from posterior hip sublaxation?
Fibrous capsule and ligamentum teres can be torn or disrupted
31
Compartments of thigh
1. Anterior 2. Medial 3. Posterior
32
Medial compartment
Adductors Originate from pubis and insert into linea alba of femur
33
Muscles of medial compartment
Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus
34
Adductor magnus insertion
Length of linea aspera
35
Adductor magnus action
Adducts thigh, extends and medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint
36
Hamstring part of adductor magnus
Inserts on adductor tubercle on femur to form the adductor hiatus
37
Adductor hiatus
Allows passage of vessels btwn the anterior and posterior thigh
38
Adductor magnus strain
Tearing of a muscle when muscle has been forced to stretch or contract beyond its limits
39
Symptoms of adductor magnus strain
Limited movement of hip, affecting one' gait, pain with adduction, extension and medial rotation of thigh, can result in trigger points
40
Localization of pain in adductor magnus strain
Deep aching pain radiates to pelvis area, near origin of adductor magnus Pain at front or back of thigh along body of the muscle Pain may radiate to knee, near insertion of adductor magnus
41
Posterior compartment muscles
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris
42
Posterior compartment muscles origin and insertion
Ischial tuberosity and posterolateral and posteromedial aspects of knee
43
Action of posterior compartment muscles
Extend hip and flex knee
44
The femoral triangle
Area in upper anterior thigh that contains major neurovascular structures
45
Borders of femoral triangle
Superior: Inguinal ligament Lateral: sartorius Medial: adductor longus Floor: lliopsoas and pectineus Roof: fascia lata
46
Femoral artery- branches to hip
Deep femoral artery (profunda femoris) and the circumflex arteries w multiple branches around neck of femur
47
Femoral artery- branches to thigh
Profunda femoris artery and superficial femoral artery
48
Femoral vein
Drains thigh and rest of lower limb Longest tributary is great sapheneous vein
49
Great sapheneous vein
Drains superficial tissues of most of lower limb and empties into femoral vein in upper thigh
50
Pathway of femoral artery and vein through adductor hiatus
Descend through femoral triangle to its apex where they pass into adductor (Hunter's) canal deep to sartorius and superficial to adductor magnus
51
Pathways of femoral artery and vein to popliteus
From canal they pass through adductor hiatus to posterior knee where they change their name to politeal artery and vein
52
Avascular necrosis of femoral head
Occurs when blood supply to femoral head is disrupted; caused by trauma to joint or bone
53
Symptoms of avascular necrosis of femoral head
Necrosis of bone tissue, affected joint pain during weight bearing activities ion later stages, persisting pain when laying down
54
Nerve supply of hip and thigh
Femoral nerve Obturator nerve Lateral cutaneous nerve Sciatic nerve
55
Femoral nerve
Innervates quadriceps muscles and skin of anterior thigh, runs along femoral artery and vein in femoral triangle
56
Obturator nerve
Innervates muscles and skin of medial compartment of thigh
57
Lateral cutaneous nerve
Innervates skin on lateral aspect of thigh above knee
58
Obturator nerve entrapment
Occurs due to inflammation of adductor muscles bc the obturator nerve travels in btwn adductor longus and adductor brevis
59
Consequences of obturator nerve entrapment
Pain that follows course of the nerve along medial thigh and can radiate into groin or knee
60
Sensory changes caused by obturator nerve entrapment
Numbness ad paresthesia (pins and needles) of medial thigh
61
Motor changes caused by obturator nerve entrapment
Adductor weakness, limited ROM at hip joint, pain that worsens with activity
62
Ligaments of the knee
Patellar ligaments Collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments
63
Patellar ligament
Continuation of quadriceps tendon and helps keep patella in proper position
64
Collateral ligaments
Medial and lateral Stabilize hinge motion of the knee, prevent excessive lateral and medial movement
65
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Joins distal femur to proximal tibia
66
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Joins distal femur to head of fibula
67
Cruciate ligaments
Deep ligaments of the knee that prevent the femur and tibia from sliding forwards and backwards
68
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Prevents anterior dislocation of tibia on fixed femur Extends from lateral femoral condyle to intercondylar surface of tibia
69
Posterior cruciate ligament (LCL)
Prevents posterior dislocation of tibia on fixed femur Extends from medial femoral condyle to the posterior lateral intercondylar surface of tibia
70
Menisci of knee
C-shaped fibrocartilaginous pads on condyles of tibia that function to deepen the articular surface of the tibia to increase stability Medial meniscus: cresent shaped Lateral meniscus: circular
71
Causes of medial meniscus tear
Jumping, suddenly changing direction, rotation of knee joint, getting up quickly
72
Symptoms of medial meniscus tear
Localized pain of affected knee, swelling, stiffness, pain with weight bearing movements
73
Action of posterior compartment of leg
Plantarflexion of foot and ankle
74
Popliteus
O: lateral femur I: posterior surface of itbia
75
Gastrocnemius
O: medial/lateral sides of femur I: calcaneus A: Flex leg and foot
76
Plantaris
O: posterolateral femur I: calcaneus
77
Border of popliteal fossa (diamond)
Superior medial: semimembranosus Superior lateral: biceps femoris Inferior medial: medial head of gastrocnemius Inferior lateral: lateral head of gastrocnemius
78
Medial gastrocnemius strain cause
Stretching/contracting muscle beyond its limits
79
Symptoms of medial gastrocnemius strain
Calf pain, tenderness localized to medial head of gastrocnemius at knee, pain and weakness when flexing leg at knee joint
80
Popliteal artery
Continuation of femoral artery within popliteal fossa
81
What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
82
Posterior tibial artery
Supplies posterior compartment of leg
83
Anterior tibial artery
Supplies anterior compartment of leg
84
Fibular (peroneal) artery
Branches off posterior tibial artery Supplies lateral compartment of leg
85
Great saphenous vein
Drains superficial tissue of most of lower limb
86
Small saphenous vein
Drains blood from lower leg into popliteal vein
87
Posterior tibial vein
Drains fibular vein and posterior compartment of leg Drains into popliteal vein
88
Anterior tibial vein
Drains anterior compartment of leg Drains into popliteal vein
89
Fibular vein
Drains lateral compartment of leg Drains into posterior tibial vein
90
Deep vein thrombosis
Formation of blood clot in deep vein
91
Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis
Pain that starts in calf, feeling like a cramp or soreness due to blockage and pooling of blood near clot, red or discoloured skin and feel warm and swollen
92
What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into?
Common peroneal nerve Tibial nerve
93
Common peroneal nerve
Innervates muscles of lateral and anterior compartments of leg
94
Tibial nerve
Descends posteriorly through popliteal fossa and innervates muscles of posterior leg
95
Superficial fibular nerve
Innervates muscles of lateral compartment of leg
96
Deep fibular nerve
Innervates muscles of anterior compartment of leg
97
Contents of popliteal fossa
Popliteal artery and vein Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve
98
Common peroneal nerve dysfunction
Damage to peroneal nerve leading to loss of movement or sensation in foot and and leg
99
Common peroneal dysfunction symptoms
Foot drop, muscle atrophy
100
Arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch
101
Stress fracture
Small crack in bone or severe bruising of bone due to overuse
102
Symptoms of stress fracture
Pain that worsens with weight bearing activities and diminishes during rest, swelling on top of foot or side of ankle, difficulty walking
103
Ankle joint
Synovial hinge joint permitting dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of foot
104
Ligaments of ankle joint
Deltoid ligament Spring ligament Plantar fascia
105
Deltoid ligament
Stabilize ankle during plantar flexion, external rotation and pronation of foot to prevent overstretching of muscles Runs btwn tibia and talus
106
Spring ligament
Runs btwn navicular and calcaneus bone Helps stabilize medial longitudinal arch and talus
107
Plantar fascia
Longest ligament Supports medial longitudinal arch
108
Deltoid ligament strain
Caused by sudden lateral rotation of ankle
109
Symptoms of deltoid ligament strain
Pain of medial ankle, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking and bearing weight
110
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Stabilize arches of foot, control movement of digits
111
Where do extrinsic muscles of foot arise from?
Arise from anterior, posterior and lateral compartments of leg
112
What action are the extrinsic muscles of the foot responsible for?
Eversion, inversion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
113
Tibialis posterior muscle
Imp extrinsic muscle of foot Attacthes to navicular
114
Symptoms of posterior tibial tendonitis
Pain, swelling, warm and red localized to area around inside of foot and ankle
115
Arterial supply of foot
1. Dorsalis pedis artery 2. Posterior tibial artery
116
Dorsalis pedis artery
Branches from anterior tibial artery and supplies dorsum of foot
117
Posterior tibial artery
Supplies plantar surface of foot
118
Dorsal venous arch
Drains dorsal surface of foot, drains to small saphenous vein laterally and great saphenous vein medially
119
Varicose veins
Twisted, enlarged veins caused by damaged or weak valves in veins, can cause backflow and pooling of blood in vein
120
Symptoms of varicose veins
Aching pain and discomfort due to pooling of blood
121
Tibial nerve
Supplies muscles of posterior compartment of leg and intrinsic muscles of plantar surface of foot
122
Deep fibular nerve
Supplies muscles of anterior compartment of leg and part of skin of dorsum of foot
123
Superficial fibular nerve
Supplies muscles of lateral compartment of leg and skin of lower anterior leg and most of skin on dorsum of foot
124
Tibial nerve dysfunction
Damage to tibial nerve that causes loss of movement or sensation of foot
125
Symptoms of tibial nerve dysfunction
Burning, numbness or tingling of skin of sole of foot, pain of sole of foot and toes, weakness in muscles that plantarflex foot
126
What else does the sciatic nerve innervate?
Hamstring portion of adductor magnus

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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