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Pathophysiology > Module 7 Neuro > Flashcards

Module 7 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are local (focal) effects

A

Signs related to specific area of brain or spinal cord in which lesion is located. Ex: paralysis of right arm results from damage to section of left frontal lobe

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2
Q

What loss is experienced when the Left Hemisphere is damaged?

A

Loss of logical and analytical thinking ability and loss of communication skills

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3
Q

What happens when there is damage to the right hemisphere?

A

Impairs appreciation of art and music, causes behavioural problems, spatial orientation and recognition of relationships may be deficient

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4
Q

What may levels of reduced conciousness lead to?

A

Confusion/disorientation, memory loss, unresponsiveness to verbal stimuli, loss of consciousness or coma

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5
Q

What happens during a vegetative state?

A 
Loss of awareness and mental capabilities 
Result of diffuse brain damage
Brain stem function continues
Appearance of sleep wake cycle 
Unresponsive to external stimuli
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6
Q

What is Locked In syndrome?

A

Aware and capable of thinking but paralyzed and cannot communicate

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7
Q

What is the criteria for brain death?

A

Cessation of brain function (flat EEG)
Absence of brain stem reflexes
Absence of spontaneous respirstions
Certainty of irreversible brain damage by confirmation of cause of the dysfunction
Evaluation twice by difference physicians

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8
Q

What is Aphasia/Dysphasia

A

Inability to comprehend or Express language

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9
Q

What is Dysarthria

A

Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in speech

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10
Q

What is Non- Fluent aphasia

A

Expressive
Slow and labored with short phrasee
Associated with damage to Broca area

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11
Q

What is Fluent Aphasia

A

Receptive
Pace of speech relatively normal
Includes made up words
Associated with damage to Wernicke area

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12
Q

What is a Seizure?

A

Spontaneous, excessive discharge of neurons causes by inflammation, infection, brain bleed and drug abuse

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13
Q

What test indicates the type of seizure ?

A

EEG Electroencephalogram

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14
Q

What can trigger a seizure ?

A

Seizures are idiopathic but triggers include physical stimuli such as lights & noise, and Biochemical stimuli such as stress, excessive premenstrual fluid retention, hypoglycemia, change in medication, hyperventilation

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15
Q

Describe the Seizure pattern

A 
Prodromal signs hours before seizure 
An aura precedes the loss of consciousness
Loss of consciousness 
Strong tonic muscle contractions
A cry
The clonic stage follows
Contractions gradually subside
Postictal period-confusion, fatigue, aching muscles and sleep
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16
Q

What are the treatments for seizures ?

A

Anticonvulsant medications combined with sedatives, Surgery to remove area where seizure begins, implanted devices to deliver electrical stimulation and dietary therapy such as ketogenic

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17
Q

What happens during increased intracranial pressure ?

A

Increase in fluid or mass
Ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
Causes: hemorrhage, trauma, edema, infection, tumors

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18
Q

What are signs of Increased Intercranial Pressure?

A

Decreasing level of consciousness
Headache & Vomitting
Increased BP & Pulse
Change in vision and pupil

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19
Q

What does increased intracranial pressure lead to?

A

Systemic vasoconstriction

Increase of systemic blood pressure to provide more blood to brain to relieve ischemia

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20
Q

What are diagnostic tests used to diagnose Intracranial Pressure

A 
CT & MRI
cerebral angiography 
Doppler ultrasound
EEG
Radionuclide to track perfusion in CNS
Lumbar Punturr to check pressure and analyze CSF
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21
Q

What happens during a Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Temporary localized reduction of blood flow

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22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a TIA

A

Partial occlusion if a cerebral artery
Atherosclerosis
Small Embolus

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a TIA

A

Intermittent short episodes of impaired function such as arm/leg weakness, visual disturbance, numbness in face, transient aphasia, transient conduction
Repeated attacks a warning sign of obstruction

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24
Q

What does CVA stand for?

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

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25
Q

What happens during a stroke (CVA)

A

Infection of brain tissue from lack of blood
Occlusion or rupture cerebral blood vessel
5 mins of ischemia causes irreversible damage
Necrosis develops
Function is lost
Surrounded by an area of inflammation

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26
Q

What are 3 types of CVAs

A

Occlusion of artery by atheroma
Sudden obstruction by embolus
Intracerebral hemorrhage

27
Q

What are risk factors of CVA

A

Diabetes, hypertension, lupus, atherosclerosis, history of TIAs, increasing age, sleep apnea, heart disease, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, saturated fat diet
Combo of oral contraceptives and smoking
Congenital malformation of blood vessels

28
Q

How are CVAs treated

A 
Clot busting agents
Glucocorticoids 
OT, PT, SLP
Treatment of underlying problem
Rehabilitation begins immediately
29
Q

What are characteristics of a severe brain injury

A

Destruction of brain tissue
Massive swelling of the brain
Life threatening

30
Q

What is a concussion

A

Minimal brain trauma
Mild blow to head or whiplash
Amnesia and headaches may follow
Recovery usually within 24 hr without permanent damage

31
Q

What is a contusion

A

Bruising with rupture of small blood vessels and edema

Possible residual damage

32
Q

What is a closed head injury

A

Skull not fractured
Brain tissue injured and blood vessels may be ruptured
Extensive damage may occur when head is rotated

33
Q

What is an open head injury

A

Involves fractures or penetration

34
Q

What is a depressed skull fracture

A

Involve displacement of bone below the skull
Compression of brain tissue
Impaired blood supply

35
Q

Define cervical spine injuries

A

Hyperextension or hyperflexion of neck

36
Q

Define dislocation of vertebrae

A

May crush or compress spinal cord

37
Q

Define compression injury to spinal cord

A

Injury to spinal cord when force applied to skull or feet

38
Q

Define Quadriplegia/ Tetraplegia

A

Paralysis of all four extremities

39
Q

Define Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower part of the trunk and legs

40
Q

What is Autonomic Dysreflexia

A

Massive sympathetic reflex response that cannot be controlled from the brain caused by infection, bladder/bowel distension and can lead to increase in BP, vasoconstriction below injury, vasodilation above injury and tachycardia

41
Q

Whag are some complications of a spinal cord injury?

A

UTI, Pneuminia, Skin breakdown, Spasm and Pain and Depression

42
Q

What are treatments for a spinal cord injury?

A 
Immobilize spine
Maintain breathing
Traction or surgery
Glucocorticoids 
Stabilize vascular system
Ongoing care to prevent complications related to immobility
43
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis

A

Progressive demyelination of neurons
Loss of myelin interferes with conduction of impulses in affected fibers
Affects motor, sensory and autonomic fibers

44
Q

What are signs and symptoms of MS

A 
Blurred vision
Weakness in legs
Diplopia
Dysarthria 
Paresthesia 
Progressive weakness extending to upper limbs
Loss of bladder & bowel control
Chronic fatigue
45
Q

What is treatment for MS

A

No definitive treatment approved
Corticosteroids to treat nerve inflammation
PT & OT

46
Q

What is Parkinsons Disease

A

Progressive Degenerstive Disorder

Excess stimulation of motor system affecting movement and posture

47
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s

A 
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Muscle aching
Decreased flexibility
Less spontaneous changes in facial expression
Tremors
48
Q

What are later signs and symptoms of parkinsons

A 
Tremors affect hands feet face tongue and lips
Increased muscle rigidity 
Difficulty initiating movement
Slow movement
Stooped leaning forward
Propulsive gait
49
Q

What are treatments for Parkinsons

A

Dopamine replacement therapy
SLP,OT & PT to improve speech balance and coordination
Monitoring and treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections

50
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A 
Lou Gehrig disease
No identified cause
Affects motor neurons in cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord
No indication of inflammation
Cognition unimpaired 
Death occurs due to respiratory failure
51
Q

What is treatment for ALS

A 
No treatment to slow degeneration 
Medication to slow damage
Respiratory therapy
SLP, OT & PT
Psychological support
52
Q

What is Dementia

A

Progressive chronic disease impairing brain function such as Alzheimers

53
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Alzheimers

A 
Extends over 10 to 20 years
Behavioral changes
Decline of cognitive function
Changes in food intake
Inability to recognize family
Incontincence
54
Q

What is Vasculat Dementia

A 
Cause by Cerebrovascular Disease
Results from multiple small infractions 
Common in persons over 70 yrs
Onset Insidious 
Memory Loss, apathy, inability to manage daily routines
55
Q

What is AIDS Dementia

A

Common in later stages of AIDS
Virus invades brain tissue
Gradual memory loss
Impaired motor function

56
Q

What are X-rays used for

A

To look at heart issues such as bone they can identify fractures of the skull or spine

57
Q

What are CT scans used for

A

Use as many pictures to compile an image that can be viewed from multiple perspectives can be used to evaluate soft tissue. If used with IV contrast can identify damaged blood vessels. Used to diagnose tumors inflammation edema hematomas and infarctions.

58
Q

Whag are MRIs used fo

A

Creates images of intracranial structures without radiation. Can be used to evaluate smaller defects such as multiple sclerosis lesions smaller tumors and blood vessels

59
Q

What is a cerebral angiography

A

Uses computer-based images taken after injection of contrast medium to assess abnormalities in cerebral carotid and vertebral blood vessels. Can identify a Christians and aneurysms angioplasty can sometimes be done

60
Q

What is am EEG

A

Monitors electrical activity in the brain used to detect seizure activity or brain wave activity if someone is in a coma

61
Q

What is a lumbar puncture

A

A sample of cerebrospinal fluid is taken through a puncture in the lumbar area of the spine the CSF is an analyzed for abnormalities. Useful in diagnosing infections bleeds and some central nervous system disorders

62
Q

What is Atelectasis

A

Nonaeration or collapse of a lung or part of a lung leading to decreased gas exchange and hypoxia

63
Q

What is Pulmonary Edema

A

Fluid collection in a alveoli and interstitial area
Reduces amount of O2 diffusing into the blood and interferes with lung expansion
Can result from left sided CHF

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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