Module 5 Cardio

Question 1

Define Arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

Hardening and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall with narrowing of the lumen

Question 2

Define Angina

Answer 2

Recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of substernal chest pain, usually triggered by a physical or emotional stress that increases the demand by the heart for oxygen.

Question 3

Define Myocardial Infarction and when does it occur?

Answer 3

AKA Heart Attack; The death of myocardial tissue due to ischemia (deficiency of blood). Occurs when a coronary artery is completely obstructed. Most common cause is atherosclerosis usually w/thrombus attached.

Question 4

Define Atherosclerosis

Answer 4

Arterial changes defined by the presence of atheromas .Atheromas are plaques that form on arterial walls consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin and cell debris.

Question 5

Define Arrythmia

Answer 5

Abnormal heart rhythm. May result from damage

Question 6

Define Ventricular Tachycardia

Answer 6

Interruption in the cardiac cycle where the ventricles are pumping in an organized fashion but tare pumping so fast that there is no time for the ventricles to fill.

Question 7

Define Ventricular Fibrillation

Answer 7

The muscle fibers of the atria are conducting random impulses and are contracting in a disorganized fashion independently of one another. Blood can pool in the atria leading to high risk of thrombus formation.

Question 8

What is Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 8

Damage to the heart muscle leading in decreased cardiac output. Causes BP to drop and blood to back up.

Question 9

What is Peripheral Vascular Disease

Answer 9

Refers to any abnormality of the arteries or veins outside of the heart.

Question 10

Define Hypertension

Answer 10

High blood pressure; Develops when BP is consistently 140/90.

Question 11

Define AAA

Answer 11

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm; An aneurysm is a localized dilatation and weakness of an arterial wall. When this weakened area is exposed to high pressures it is prone to rupture.

Question 12

Define Hypovolemic Shock

Answer 12

Results from decreased blood or plasma volume. There is not enough volume in the circulatory system to perfuse the organs no matter how much vasoconstriction occurs.

Question 13

Define Cardiogenic shock

Answer 13

The hearts pumping capability is decreased. It cannot pump enough blood to maintain perfusion.

Question 14

Define Neurogenic shock

Answer 14

Neurological abnormalities cause systemic vasodilation and loss of the sympathetic response. This results in BP being too low to perfuse tissues with normal BV.

Question 15

Define Septic Shock

Answer 15

Vasodilation occurs due to systemic massive inflammatory response due to infection. Can be caused by tissue destruction or the release of endotoxins from pathogenic organisms. BP cannot be miantained at a high enough level to perfuse organs.

Question 16

Define Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 16

A systemic immune response causing massive release of histamine into general circulation leading to systemic vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Volume moves out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space. There is insufficient volume and insufficient pressure to maintain the tissue perfusion.

Question 17

Define Systolic Pressure

Answer 17

Exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles

Question 18

Define Diastolic Pressure

Answer 18

Sustained pressure when ventricles relax

Question 19

What are Murmurs?

Answer 19

Caused by incompetent valves

Question 20

What can you diagnose using an ECG?

Answer 20

Dysrhythmias, MI, infection

Question 21

What does an Echocardiography do?

Answer 21

Creates images of heart valve movement and blood blood

Question 22

What happens during left-sided CHF?

Answer 22

Decreased cardiac output, pulmonary congestion

Question 23

What happens during right-sided CHF?

Answer 23

Decreased cardiac output, systemic congestion, and edema of legs and abdomen

Question 24

What are the causes of left-sided CHF?

Answer 24

Infarction of left ventricle, aortic valve stenosis, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism.

Question 25

What are the causes of right-sided CHF?

Answer 25

Infarction of right ventricle, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary disease.

Question 26

What are some signs/symptoms of CHF

Answer 26

Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, tachycardia, daytime oliguria.

Question 27

What is a Troponin blood test?

Answer 27

Used to measure the levels of the blood protein troponin. These proteins are released when the cardiac muscle has been damaged. High levels are an indication of heart attack.

Question 28

What is Cardiac Catheterization?

Answer 28

Passing a catheter through an appropriate blood vessel, usually a large vein in the leg, into the ventricle-may be utilized to visualize the inside of the heart, measure pressures, and assess valve and heart function.

Question 29

What is an Angiography?

Answer 29

Used to visualize blood flow in the coronary arteries. Can diagnose obstructions which can then be treated using thrombolytic agents or laser therapy to break down clots.

Question 30

What is Sick Sinus Syndrome?

Answer 30

Alternating bradycardia and tachycardia - often requires a pacemaker.

Question 31

What is an Angioplasty?

Answer 31

Repair of a blood vessel

Question 32

What is Rheumatic Fever?

Answer 32

An acute systemic inflammatory condition that appears to result from an abnormal immune reaction occurring a few weeks after an untreated infection. The inflammation involves the heart and other parts such as joints and skin. Long term effects include rheumatic heart disease.