Module 7 Cardiovascular A & P

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

In the mediastinum, behind the sternum

Question 2

What covers the heart?

Answer 2

Pericardium

Question 3

Pericardium has 2 main parts, what are they?

Answer 3

Fibrous pericardium

Serous Pericardium

Question 4

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 4

Superficial (surface) portion of pericardium

Tough, loose-fitting inextensible sac; ANCHORD TO SURROUNDING WALLS

Question 5

Serous pericardium, what is its 2 divisions?

Answer 5

Moist; smooth, double layered.

Parietal and Visceral layer

Question 6

Parietal layer of Serous pericardium?

Answer 6

fused to fibrous pericardium

Question 7

Visceral layer of Serous pericardium?

Answer 7

epicardium (most inner part of the serous pericardium); integral part of heart wall.

Question 8

Pericardial space? what does it do?

Answer 8

10-15 mL pericardial fluid

It separates 2 layers; which provides protection from friction.

Question 9

Covering of heart order, from outside to in?

Answer 9

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium:
- Parietal
- Visceral

Myocardium

Endocardium (literal edge)

Question 10

which vessels do the pericardial sac attach to?

Answer 10

Large vessels that enter and exit the heart.

Question 11

3 layers of the wall heart

Answer 11

Epicardium
myocardium
Endocardium

Question 12

Epicardium:

Answer 12

Outer layer of the heart wall (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

Question 13

Myocardium

hint think cardiac muscles

Answer 13

Thick, contractile middle layer of heart wall; compresses the heart cavities.

Question 14

Endocardium

Answer 14

Delicate inner layer of endothelial tissue:

continuous with all blood vessels.

Question 15

Myocardium: if one intercalated ‘disk’ contracts why do all myocardial fibers contract?

Answer 15

Myocardial cells are continuous and wrap around the heart through out. —disks are interconnected

Question 16

Frank-starling mechanism

Answer 16

Increase in sarcomere length = increased cross-bridge cycling (contraction)

Question 17

Sarcomere?

Answer 17

basic contractile unit of muscle fiber responsible for muscle contraction

Question 18

Pre-contraction length = what?

Answer 18

“preload” of sarcomere

Question 19

What does the frank-starling mechanism tell us?

Answer 19

The more the muscle stretches, the more force is used during contraction

Question 20

The heart has 2 superior chambers known Atria/atriums. what is there purpose?

Answer 20

Receiving chambers…for blood coming from veins.

Question 21

When Atria contract, what do they push blood into?

Answer 21

Ventricles.

Question 22

Why is myocardial walls in each atria not thick compared to ventricles?

Answer 22

Little pressure is needed to move blood a small distance for the Atria.

The Ventricular have more distance to pump so they are thicker.

Question 23

ventricles are the 2 lower chambers, what is their role?

Answer 23

Pumping chambers.

Question 24

Both atria and ventricles are sepearted by the septum, If the atria are separated by the interatrial septum, what are the ventricles separated by?

Answer 24

Interventricular septum

Question 25

Why is myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than the right?

Answer 25

high afterload pressures in the aorta

It needs to create force to push blood through systemic circulation.

Question 26

What is afterload?

Answer 26

The pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood during contraction.

Question 27

During atrial contraction, muscles in the atrial wall contract forcing blood through which valve?

Answer 27

AV valve into ventricles.

Question 28

During atrial contraction, the tricuspid (right AV valve) and the Mitral (level AV) valves are open, are teh semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) open or closed?

Answer 28

Closed.

Question 29

When semilunar valves (SL) are closed, are the AV valves open or closed?

Answer 29

Open

Question 30

During ventricular contraction (following atrial), the av valves close, what happens to blood and where does it go?

Answer 30

The blood is forced out the ventricles through the SL valves and into the arteries.

Question 31

AV valves function

Answer 31

Prevent blood from flowing back into atria.

Question 32

Why to valves open and close?

Answer 32

Pressure differences.

Question 33

where is Pressure greatest when: valve is open

Answer 33

Atrium pressure greater than ventricular pressure

Question 34

Where is pressure greatest when: valve is closed

Answer 34

Ventricle pressure greater than atrium pressure

Question 35

What is ventricular systole also known as?

Answer 35

Ventricular contraction

Question 36

how to valve flaps close?

Answer 36

blood in the ventricles is forced against the walls, and in turn the flap.

Pressure causes it to close.

Question 37

Where is the Tricuspid valve located?

Answer 37

The right AV valve

(lies between right atrium and right ventricle)

Question 38

When does blood flow via the tricuspid valve?

Answer 38

during diastole and contraction of the right atrium.

Question 39

Does the tricuspid valve close or open during ventricular contraction?

Answer 39

close

Question 40

Difference between diastole and systole?

Answer 40

Systole occurs when the heart contracts, pumping blood out.

Diastole takes place when the heart relaxes (fills) after contraction.

Question 41

What are 2 types of AV valves?

Answer 41

Tricuspid

Bicuspid (or mitral)