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Pathophysiology (RESP 212) > Module 2 Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 2 Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is apart of the upper respiratory tract (URT)?

A

All organs located outside the thorax; I.e Nose and the Pharynx.

The Pharynx is made up of:

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larnx
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2
Q

What is apart of the lower respiratory tract (LRT)?

A

Organs are located within the thorax.

  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree
  • lungs.
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3
Q

Identify the listed structure in the upper and lower respiratory tract.

Nasal Cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

L/R primary bronchi

A
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4
Q

What are some functions of the nose?

A
  1. The nose filters air (nose hairs)
    - prevents particulate from entering.
  2. Adds heat and humidity to incoming air
  3. aids in speech
  4. makes sense of smell (olfactory epithelium)
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5
Q

What function does turbinate serve and where is it located in the nose?

A

Turbinates provide a large mucous covered surface area that air passes over. The membrane keeps air warm and humidifies air.

It is located in the bulb portion of the nose or with the conchae.

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6
Q

Identify the listed structures:

Hard Palate

Hyoid Bone

Epiglottis

Esophagus

Trachea

A

Pharynx structures

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7
Q

Identify the following structures:

Hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Palatine Tonsil

A
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8
Q

Where is the Nasopharynx located? what does it comrpise of?

A

Behind the nose, extends to soft palate.

It has the right/left eustachian tubs. The pharyngeal tonsils are also located in this location, when they’re swollen they’re refered to as adenoids when enlarged.

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9
Q

In the Oropharynx, what collapses and why is it a problem?

A

The tounge and soft tissue can collaspe which obstructs airways. It will sound like snoring.

Tilting the chin up or use a CPAP? - basically do what is needed to clear the airway

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10
Q

What function does the Laryngopharynx have compared to the other 2 sections of the larynx?

A

TLDR:
Food and air pass through the Laryngopharynx, so, the epiglottis is used to divert food from airways.

The epiglottis lifts and closes the passage ways for our esophagus and trachea.

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11
Q

Where are tracheostomys performed in the Larynx?

–

A

Cricothyroid ligament.

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12
Q

The larynx is lined primarily with respiratory mucosa, pseudostratified, and ciliated columnar epithelium.

What are the 2 main folds called?

Why is the glottis important?

A
  1. Vestibular folds (False vocal folds)
  2. Vocal folds (white)

Glottis is between the two.

  • The Glottis is the narrowest part of the airway in adults.
  • we need to know where it is when intubating, the right size is needed to correctly fit
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13
Q

Framework of cartilage in the layrnx? (9)

hint
3 large and 6 accessory

A

The largest

  1. Thyroid cartiliage
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Cricoid cartilage (narrowest airway in infants)

Accessory cartiliage

4,5.Arytenoids

6,7 Corniculate

8,9 Cuneiform

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14
Q

When primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi

  1. what are they called?
  2. where do they eventually divide into?
A
  1. They’re called Bronchioles.
  2. They divide into the alveolar ducts and alveoli.
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15
Q

What is the split in the trachea (windpipe) called?

A

The Carina, it splits into the right and left bronchi.

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16
Q

The alveoli is where primary gas exchange occurs. The barrier known as the respiratory membrane is where gasses are exchanged between air and blood.

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

The respiratory membrane consists of:

  • The alveolar epithelium
  • Capillary endothelium
  • and basement membrane
17
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Surfactant is a fluid coating the respiratory membrane, it reduces surface tension.

It is produced by type 2 cells.

18
Q

What are type 1 and 2 epithelial cells?

A

Type 1 cells are alveolar cells where gas exchange occurs.

Type 2 cells are alveolar cells that secrete surfactant. They only activate when they are properly stretched (like when breaths are taken.)

Refer to slide 56 for more info.

19
Q

Why is high surface tension bad?

A

High surface tension is bad because it can cause the lungs to collapse.

20
Q

Anatomically Describe how the right and left lungs are split

How are they structured

A

The right lung is divided into 3 lobes: Superior, Middle, and inferior

The left lung in 2: superior and inferior

21
Q

Where is the costal surface located?

Where is the base located?

A

The costal surface lies against the ribs.

The base rests on the diaphragm

22
Q

The lungs are divided into further (bronchopulmonary) segments, how many are there in each (left and right)?

A

10 in the right

8 in the left.

23
Q

Which lung is more suspectable to foreign objects and why

A

The right lung. Its just cause of the angle.

24
Q

Does the Lung Parenchyma have smooth muscles or elastic fibers?

A

Elastic fibers - they need to be retraceable and be able to tether the lungs for breathing.

i.e hold the airways open for exhalation.

25
Q

Do terminal bronchioles have cartilage and smooth muscles?

A

They have smooth muscles, but no cartilage.

26
Q

What does the epithelium and lamina propria do?

hint they’re connecting tissue

A

The Lamina Propria supports epithelium layer (together) together they form a mucous membrane (respiratory mucosa).

All together, they help conduct the airway as well as serve as a barrier for the passage of blood vessels and nutrients.

27
Q

What are types of Non-epithelial cells?

Needs reformatting

A
  • *Alveolar Macrophages: wandering killer cells**

** Eosinophils**

– associated with asthma caused by allergens

  • Neutrophils

– associated with bacterial infections

– Migrate to airways to phagocytize bacteria

  • Mast cells
  • on epithelial surface of airways
  • mediators of inflammation released from granules
28
Q

What is the alveolar-capillary membrane (AC membrane)?

A

the gas exchange surface, surrounded by a network of capillaries.

Short hand = AC membrane

29
Q

What are 3 sections of the pleural membrane?

*hint* they surround each lung.

A
  1. Visceral Pleura
  • attached to the lungs surface, no pain fibres.
  1. Parietal Pleura
  • attached to inner chest wall surface, many pain fibres
  1. Pleural space
  • space between visceral and parietal pleura
30
Q

What is the purpose of the pleural space?

where is it?

A

Its function is to lubricate membranes during breathing.

  • the pleural space separates membranes so they don’t rub against each other.
31
Q

Intrapleural pressure is subatmospheric, what causes it?

A

It is caused by opposing elastic recoil forces.

  • chest wall tries to expand outward
    • lungs try to recoil inward.
32
Q

What are Costophrenic Angles?

what does it tell us?

A

the point where the diaphragm meets the chest wall.

When the diaphragm is not visible or bluntrd on the Xray, it lets us know there may be fluid in the lungs (a pleural effusion)

33
Q

In pulmonary circulation, what carries O2 rich blood in which direction?

A

Pulmonary arteries carry O2 poor blood (venous blood) to lungs to be reoxygenated.

Pulmonary veins take O2 rich blood (arterial blood) back to the left atrium.

Once the blood has left the heart, arteries take o2 rich blood away from the blood. Veins bring O2 poor blood back to the heart.

34
Q

Phrenic nerves.

  1. Where are they located
  2. what does damage in this region imply?
A

located in the C3, C4, C5

“C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive.”

  • it implies paralysis in the diaphragm and other ventilatory muscles.
35
Q

Ventilatory muscles

what are primary muscles for quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm (major effect)

Parasternal intercostals (minor effect)

Scalenes (neck region + minor effect)

36
Q

Ventilatory muscles

Which accessory muscles are used for increased work of breathing (WOB)?

A

Scalenes (inspiration + major)

Sternocleidomastoids (inspiration JVD)

Pectoralis Major (inspiration)

Abdominals (expiration)

37
Q

How do intercostal muscles cause inspiration and expiration?

A

They’re the muscles in between the ribs

  • They elevate the ribs causing inspiration.
  • Than, they cause the ribs to depress causing expiration
38
Q

Where are the scalene muscles located?

What about the Sternomastoid?

A
  1. Attached to 1st and second ribs from the lower cervical vertebrae (neck)
  2. from manubrium to mastoid of the skull
    - assists inspiration at rest. (basically back of head to manubrium)
39
Q

Difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic system controls “fight-or-flight” responses - It prepares the body for strenuous physical activity.

The parasympathetic system regulates “rest and digest” functions.

Pathophysiology (RESP 212) (14 decks)

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