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Pathophysiology (RESP 212) > Module 10 Nervous System and Control of Ventilation > Flashcards

Module 10 Nervous System and Control of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Both the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) include components in the CNS and PNS.

what are two ways the somatic nervous system conduct information?

A

Somatic sensory pathways conduct toward integrators in the CNS (Information)

Somatic motor pathways conduct information towards somatic effectors. (response)

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2
Q

Both the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) include components in the CNS and PNS.

what are pathways for the ANS?

A

Visceral sensory pathways conduct information toward CNS integrators

Sympathetic AND parasympathetic pathways conduct information toward autonomic effectors.

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3
Q

Efferent vs Afferent?

A

Efferent = away

Afferent = towards

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

integrates sensory information, evaluates it, and initiates an outgoing response.

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Cranial nerves originate from the brain (12)
Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord (31)

Basically the relay point for the CNS

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7
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Consists of somatic motor (efferent) and somatic sensory (afferent) divisions.

Motor: towards effectors (skeletal muscles)

Sensory: feedback to CNS

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8
Q

What nerves innervate the respiratory system?

A

Phrenic nerves

Intercostal nerves

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9
Q

Phrenic nerves

A

C3-C4-C5

Injuries in this region can paralyze the diaphragm

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10
Q

What does innervate mean?

A

To supply with nerves, or to stimulate nerves/organs

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11
Q

ANS major function

A

To regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contraction, and glandular secretions to maintain homeostasis

ANS = Involuntary

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12
Q

2 divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Both are efferent.

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13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares the body to deal with immediate threats to the interval environment;

Produces the flight or flight response

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14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

coordinates the body’s normal resting activity’s;

Rest and repair

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15
Q

West zones of the lung: zone 1

A

Where alveolar pressure is higher than arterial or venous pressure

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16
Q

West zones of the lung: zone 2

A

Where arterial pressure higher than alveolar and venous, a relationship that changes during the respiratory cycle

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17
Q

West zones of the lung: zone 3

A

where both arterial and venous pressure is higher than alveolar

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18
Q

Excitable cells do what?

A

Initiate and conduct impulses that make nervous system function

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19
Q

Cell body: what are 2 main functions?

A

1.provide proteins for maintaining and regenerating
nerve fibers

  1. Provide protein muscles (neurotransmitters) needed for transmission of nerve signals from one neuron to another.
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20
Q

Neurotransmitters are packed into?

A

Vesicles.

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21
Q

Structure of a typical neuron (an image)

A
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22
Q

Two types of signals transmitted at the Synapse from one to another

A

Electrical and Chemical

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23
Q

Which synaptic transmission uses action potentials to directly between cells?

A

Electrical

24
Q

How do Chemical synapses work?

A

Neurotransmitters (chem signals) are sent across a tiny gap to postsynaptic cells which induces action potentials

25
Q

3 types of Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine

Amines

Amino acids

26
Q

4 types of Amines and function

A

In brain; affect learning, emotions, motor control.

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine.

27
Q

Acetylcholine function

A

In Brain + body; sends signals to neurons, muscle cells, glands

28
Q

2 types of Amino acids (most common)

A

glutamate and Gaba

most common neurotransmitter in CNS
In PNS, amino acids are stored in synaptic vesicles.

29
Q

Autonomic nervous system: what is sympathetic/parasympathetic referred to as?

A

Sympathetic = Adrenergic

Parasympathetic Cholinergic

30
Q

All preganglionic fibers are cholinergic, secreting acetylcholine (ACH), which binds with nicotinic receptors on postganglionic fibers. what does the sympathetic postganglionic do differently?

A

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic, secreting norepinephrine (NE),

which binds with adrenergic alpha and beta receptors.

31
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic, secreting norepinephrine (NE), which binds with adrenergic alpha and beta receptors. what does the preganglionic do differently?

A

cholinergic secrete acetylcholine (ACH), which binds with nicotinic receptors on postganglionic fibers.

32
Q

Cholinergic (para) innervate what and release which neurotranmistter?

A

Innervate: smooth airway muscles, mucous glands, pulmonary vasculature

Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine

33
Q

Cholinergic overstimulation?

A

Bronchospasm
+
Increased mucous production and thickness

34
Q

Adrenergic (symp) innervate what and release which neurotransmitter?

A

innervate adrenal medulla (secrete hormones like dopamine)

Neurotransmitter = norepinephrine

Cause bronchodilation

35
Q

Regulation of ventilation is automatic, what controls it?

A

Primarily the Medulla

The pons + spinal chord are also involved.

36
Q

4 components of ventilation from the medulla

A

(Top down)
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
Dorsal resp. group. [DRG]
ventral resp. group. [VRG]

37
Q

Dorsal Resp. Group [DRG] is the main inspiratory stimuli, where are nerve impulses sent?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

38
Q

What sends sensory impulses to Dorsal Resp. Group [DRG]?

A

vagus and glosspharyngeal nerves

peripheral chemoreceptors = changes in pH + gases
proprioceptors = changes in muscles + joints.

39
Q

Ventral Resp. Group [VRG] contains both inspiratory ad expiratory neurons, where/which are impulses are sent?

A

Motor—>laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles = diaphragm + external intercostal

TLDR; I’m assuming it means inspiratory muscles.

40
Q

Ventral Resp. Group [VRG] what is stimulated during expiration?

A

internal and abdominal muscles

41
Q

What does the Inspiration ramp signal mean?

A

DRG and VRG (dorsal and ventral resp. group)

are fired gradually by a ramp signal from neurons.

42
Q

Pons resp. centers interactions with the medulla?

A

Pons modifies output of medullary centers but can’t make rhythmic breathing on its own.

43
Q

pontine resp. centers: apneustic center function

A

allows gradual prolonged inspiration

+

Prevents inspiratory neurons from switching off

44
Q

pontine resp. centers: pneumotaxic center function

A

off switch for normal inspiration

it switches off the apneustic center

45
Q

What two centers from the pons control depth of inspiration

A

apneustic center and pneumotaxic center

46
Q

Reflex control breathing: Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is generated in smooth muscles of large/small airways. what happens?

A

When stretch occurs receptors send inhibitory impulses to DRG to stop further inspiration

active with exercise.

Vagus nerve pathway

47
Q

Deflation Reflex

A

Collapse of lungs stimulates strong inspiratory effort.

vagus nerve pathway

48
Q

Head paradoxical reflex

A

helps maintain large Vt during exercise, sighs, or first breaths in newborns.

49
Q

Add cards on receptors

A
50
Q

When hypoxia increases sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to blood h+ what events subsequently follow?

A

Increases the fire rate–>increase in minute ventilation (MV)

51
Q

CO2 and Cerebral blood flow: why is hyperventilation dangerous for head injuries?

A

patients with head trauma have low cerebral perfusion

52
Q

CO2 and Cerebral blood flow: mech. ventilation use controls what?

A

intracranial pressure for patients with head injuries and high intracranial pressure [ICP].

53
Q

CO2 and Cerebral blood flow: increase PaCO2 does what?

A

dilates cerebral vessels = increasing blood flow

54
Q

CO2 and Cerebral blood flow: decreased PaCO2 does what?

A

constricts cerebral vessels reducing blood flow

55
Q

What neurons in the medulla generate basic cyclic breathing?

A

DRG and VRG (Dorsal/ventral resp. group)

56
Q

Which impulses inhibit apneustic center and intern inspiration neurons of the DRG

What happens as a result?

A

pneumotasic center.

shortened inspiration time + increase RR

57
Q

What prevents medullary inspiration neurons from switching off, creating prolonged, gasping inspiration?

A

Apneustic center

Pathophysiology (RESP 212) (14 decks)

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