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Pathophysiology (RESP 212) > Module 6 Circulatory System > Flashcards

Module 6 Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Circulation system?

A

To Transport blood + nutrients to all parts of the body.

To continually perfusion, oxygenate, and nourish all vital organs in the body.

Remove wastes including CO2

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2
Q

The heart is the main pump of the body, where is it located?

A

Lies in the mediastinum, behind the sternum.
-between ribs 2 to 6

Approx 2/3 of is left on the midline, the other 1/3 is to the right.

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3
Q

Where does the heart lay on posterior lay?

A

T5 - T8

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4
Q

Where does the Apex and base of the heart lie?

A

Apex = on the diaphragm, pointing left.

Base = just below the second rib.

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5
Q

Blood vessels: where does blood flow for Arteries/arterioles?

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

The exception is the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

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6
Q

Blood vessels: where does blood flow for veins/venues?

A

Carry blood toward the heart

The exception is the pulmonary veins.

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7
Q

Blood vessels: where does blood flow for Capillaries?

A

microscopic vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venues.

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8
Q

What are 4 types of Arteries?

A

Elastic (conducting arteries)
- Aorta + big branches

Muscular (distributing) arteries
- Cary blood further away from heart
- Think Brachial

Arterioles (resistance) vessels
- Regulate blood flow to end organs + tissues
- Regulates BP

Metarterioles
- Connect arterioles and capillaries

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9
Q

Which vessel does primary gas/nutrient exchange occur?

A

Occurs within capillary beds/networks.

They carry blood from arterioles to venues.

Microscopic is size? - one RBC at a time

Arterioles + capillaries + Venules = microcirculation.

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10
Q

What are 3 types of Capillaries?

A

Continuous capillaries

Fenestrated capillaries

Sinusoid

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11
Q

Why are Veins and venues referred to as Capacitance vessels?

A

They have the capacity to take on large volumes of blood without rupture

It is a reflection of their ability to stretch.

Recall, they use valves to keep blood moving.

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12
Q

what are the 3 main layers to a vessel structure?

(vessel it refers to veins or artery’s

A

Tunica external - found in all arteries and veins

Tunica media - found in all arteries and veins

Tunica intima - found in all blood vessels, only layer present

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13
Q

Vessel structure: What are Endothelial cells?

What are its 3 functions?

A

Endothelial cells are lining that cover blood vessels in the entire vascular tree—capable of self reproduction

(1) They provide a smooth luminal surface that protects intravascular coagulation.

(2) Intercellular clefts, cytoplasmic pores, and fenestrations allow exchange to occur between blood and tissue fluid

(3) capable of secreting a number of substances (NO)

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14
Q

Vessel structures: what is the composition of Elastic fibres and what is its main function?

A

Elastic fibres are composed of insoluble protein called elastin—form elastic networks.

They can stretch up 100% under physiological conditions.

Their function is to help regulate BP by creating passive tension.

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15
Q

Vessel structures: What are smooth muscle fibres located and their purpose?

A

Smooth muscles are present in all segments of vascular system expect capillaries, and few in veins.

Most numerous in elastic and muscular arteries

They exert active tension in vessels when contracted

They’re directly connected to the autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

Collagen fibers what is the range they can stretch under physiological conditions?

A

2-3%

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17
Q

What is the function of Collagen fibers?

A

To strengthen and keep lumen of vessels open.

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18
Q

What are 2 types of ciruclation?

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

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19
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body.

course description
blood flows from the left ventricle of the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body (except gas exchange tissues of lungs) and back to the right atrium

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20
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation

Course description

: venous blood moves from right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lung arterioles and capillaries, where gases are exchanged; oxygenated blood returns to left atrium by pulmonary veins; from left atrium, to the left ventricle.

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21
Q

Main arteries give off branches, which continue to rebranch, forming arterioles and then capillaries:

what is the terminal (end) arteries function?

A

supplies the only supply of oxygen or nutrients to a particular area or organ

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22
Q

What is Arterial anastomoses? why would they form?

IMPORTANT.

A

The merger of one artery directly into another.

They form in response to disease (to bypass a blocked artery for ex.)

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23
Q

Why is arterial anastomoses important?

A

Allows for collateral circulation (protective function;allows detours)

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24
Q

What is Arterio-venous anastomoses?

IMPORTANT

A

basically, SHUNTS

that occur when blood flows from an artery directly into a vein.

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25
Q

Where does blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and thoracic cavity (except lungs) drain into?

A

The superior vena cava

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26
Q

Where does venous blood from
thoracic organs drain into?

A

directly into superior vena cava or azygo vein.

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27
Q

Venous blood from the lower trunk, lower extremities, hepatic portal circulation renal system drain into?

A

the inferior vena cava

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28
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

the venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver

(where raw nutrients in blood are processed before the blood returns to the heart).

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29
Q

Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines send blood to the liver by the ___?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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30
Q

The hepatic veins function and relation to the inferior vena cava?

A

The hepatic vein drains blood from the liver into the inferior cava

The blood in the liver comes from capillary beds (mix of venous and arterial)

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31
Q

What are the 2 main functions of blood?

A

Delivery and pickup transport medium.

Body head regulation

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32
Q

What enables blood to absorb large quantities of heat? And why is it important?

A

A high specific heat capacity and conductivity.

It is important because it allows blood to transfer heat from core to surface for dissipation.

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33
Q

Blood volume varies by size of person, what is the aprox. average of blood in a adult male?

A

5 L

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34
Q

What is the general composition of whole blood?

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements.

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35
Q

What is composition of plasma?

A

Protein (7%)
Water (91%)
other solutes (2%)

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36
Q

what are the 4 proteins found in blood?

A

Albumins (57%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Prothrombin (1%)

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37
Q

In blood, what are the 5 solutes found in water

A

Ions
nutrients
waste products
gasses
regulatory substances

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38
Q

Of a persons total body weight, what is the division between blood and other fluids +tissues?

Not as important?

A

Blood = 8%

Other fluids/tissues = 92%

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39
Q

what is a hematocrit?

Important.

A

The percentage of RBC in your blood.

45% of it is in formed elements.

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40
Q

What is the makeup of formed elements?

A

Platelets [Thrombocytes]
Leukocytes [WBC]
Erythrocytes (majority) [RBC]

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41
Q

What are the 5 things that make up Leukocytes in your blood?

Slide 33.

A

Neutrophils (60-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-25%)
Monocytes (3 -8%)
Eosinophils (2-4)
Basophils (0.5 - 1%)-

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42
Q

Leukocytes [wbc] are divided into granular and nongranular, how are the 5 categories split up?

ref:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

A

Granular:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Nongranular:
Lymphocyte
Monocyte

43
Q

What is the primary component of RBC?

A

Hemoglobin
-also contains numerous formed elements.

44
Q

Does RBC contain any organelles like ribosomes?

A

No.

45
Q

Whata are 3 functions of RBC?

A
  1. Transport O2 and CO2 [depends on Hb]
  2. Carbonic anhydrase
  3. Carbonic acid
46
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

an enzyme in RBC that catalyses a reaction that joins CO2 + water to form carbonic acid

47
Q

What is the function of carbonic acid?

A

It dissociates and generates bicarbonate [HCO3] ions.

They diffuse out of RBC and transport CO2 in the blood plasma

48
Q

How long does it take for erythrocytes to mature?

A

4 days

49
Q

Erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of RBC in the bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells

50
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

Immature cell that can develop into RBC, WBC, or platelets.

These “stem cells” are found in peripheral blood and bone marrow.

51
Q

What is peripheral blood?

A

Blood circulating throughout the body

Note
not concentrated within a specific organ

52
Q

Life span of circulating RBC?

A

105-120 days

53
Q

How are old, abnormal, or fragmented RBCs disposed of?

A

Macrophage cells phagocytize them.

54
Q

What is the breakdown of Hb when they’re released/recycled?

A

Amino acids, iron, and bilirubin

55
Q

How many Hb are able to unite with O2 molecules to form Oxyhemoglobin?

Whats the ratio of Hb to O2?

A

Hb:O2 = 1:4

56
Q

What is a Heme group (in hemoglobin)?

A

They give myoglobin and hemoglobin the ability to bind O2 BECAUSE OF IRON

The mentioned “globins” are just proteins in muscle.

57
Q

True or false: males have more Hb than the ladies

A

Yerp

58
Q

Why is Anemia a problem for Hemoglobins?

A

It decreases the number/volume of functional RBCs in a given of unit of whole blood.

59
Q

Hemeglobin makeup?

A

4 protein chain (globin) with a heme group.

Each heme contains 1 Fe.

60
Q

What are the 2 primary features of Neutrophils?

hint they are highly mobile and active phagocytic cells

A

Capable of diapedesis

Cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes.

61
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

digestive system of the cell

degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

62
Q

Eosinophil location

hint it is a circulating wbc

A

Mostly in lining of respiratory and digestive tract.

63
Q

Eosinophil functions? what are some problems with this cell?

hint think allergic reaction

A

Capable of ingesting inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes

Provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions

Problem:
causes inflammation of airways, usually associated with asthma

64
Q

Basophil

A

motile and capable of diapedesis

Cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin

65
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

passage of blood cells through the walls of capillaries

66
Q

Agranulocyte is split into 2 groups, what are they?

hint agranulocyte = non-granule leukocyte.

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

67
Q

Lymphocytes are the second most numerous WBC, whats its functions.

A

Immunity response.

Is split into T and B cell

68
Q

T lymphocytes vs B lymphocytes?

A

T directly attacks an infected/cancerous cell

B produces antibodies against specific antigens.

69
Q

Difference between Granulocyte and Agranulocyte response?

A

G causes inflammation and A attacks.

70
Q

Monocytes are the largest leukocyte, what is there main feature?

A

They are mobile and highly phagocytic cells.

MEANING: They destroy foreign substances and remove dead cells mostly.

71
Q

1 mm^3 of normal blood usually contains 5000-9000 leukocytes with diff percents for each,

Its established theres a lot, why is WBC count significant?

A

When they change, it usually indicates abnormal conditions are infection.

72
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and a few other lymp/monocytes develop where?

AND

Can they form anywhere else?

A

Red bone marrow

Lymp/monocytes also can form from hematopoietic stem cells in lympahtic tissue

73
Q

Granular and agranular leukocytes mature form where?

A

undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells

74
Q

What are 3 important properties of Platelets?

A

Agglutination (sticking together)
Adhesiveness (sticking)
Aggregation (formation -> cluster)

75
Q

Functions of platelets?

A

Primary:
Hemostasis and blood coagulation.

Secondary:
defending against bacteria.

76
Q

What does homeostasis refer to in relation to Platelets?

A

Stoppage of blood flow

Bonus:
if injury is extensive, the blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist retention of blood volume

77
Q

How fast do platelets react?

A

1-5 seconds

78
Q

Life span of Patelets?

A

7-10 days

79
Q

Where are platelets formed?

A

Red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes (immature basically)

80
Q

What are human blood group systems?

Which do we care about?

A

Groups of cell surface antigens cells use to identify, communicate, and defend against pathogens.

ABO and Rh systems

Basically they’re blood types/typing

81
Q

The ABO system has 4 types of recipients, what are they?

A

Named for antigens on RBC membranes.

Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

82
Q

True or false:
Antibodies found in blood can react to antigens found on RBC

A

True

Look more later, this is a bs’d slide lol

83
Q

True or false:
Plasma typically does not contain antibodies against the antigens present on its own RBC

The plasma will contain antibodies that do not correspond the antigen found on RBC

A

Both statements are true

Look more later, this is a bs’d slide lol

84
Q

Blood Plasma composition?

A

90% water and 10% solutes.

It is a part of blood and it is clear.

85
Q

Of the 6-8% of the solutes in plasma are proteins, what are the 3 main compounds?

A

Albumins (57%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (spotty but either 1% or 4%)

86
Q

Albumins

A

help maintain osmotic balance of the blood.

main protein found in plasma

87
Q

Globulins

A

component of immunity mechanism

88
Q

Fibrinogen

A

key role in blood clotting.

89
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A

Maintain normal blood circulation (hydrostatic, oncotic pressures, water balance)

90
Q

For blood, what role does Homeostasis have?

A

Slow or stop bleeding when bleeding occurs to a blood vessel

Acts as a defense mechanism against infection.

91
Q

Homeostasis has 3 phases in relation to blood, what are they?

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)

92
Q

Purpose of Vasoconstriction?

A

Vasoconstriction is needed to help maintain healthy blood flow and keep your body temperature from getting too cold.

It can also raise blood pressure when it’s necessary.

93
Q

Does vasoconstriction or vasodilation increase blood flow to the tissues in the body?

A

Vasodilation.

ironically, constriction actually slows and blocks blood flow

94
Q

why can vasoconstriction be problematic?

A

The pressure caused by vasoconstriction can temporarily close the vessel and lessen blood loss.

95
Q

endothelin-1

hint released by vessels

A

promotes asocontriction.

called when endothelial cells are damaged

96
Q

thromboxane A2

A

enzyme that catalyzes the activation of new platelets.

result of blood vessel injury.

97
Q

What does thromboxane A2 stimulate?

A

greater vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation at injury site.

98
Q

Coagulation occurs via 3 steps

A

1.activation pathways
2. Thrombin formation
3. Fibrin clot formation

99
Q

Clot clotting occurs continuously with clot dissolution (fibrinolysis)…

What does this mean?

A

Clot formation in intact vessels are suppressed if no injury is present.

100
Q

What factors oppose clotting?

A

Perfectly smooth muscles

Antithrombins

101
Q

Why does perfectly smooth muscles oppose clotting?

A

surface of the normal endothelial lining of blood vessels does not allow platelets to adhere.

Basically, can’t stick or latch on.

102
Q

Why does Antithrombins oppose clotting?

A

substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevents thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin (e.g., theraputic heparin)

Basically, they get broken down or the process to stimulate is stopped.

103
Q

What factors could initiate or speed up clotting?

A

Rough spot in the endothelium. i.e Plaque

Abnormally slow blood flow. ie. DVTs

104
Q

What term describes Clot dissolution

A

Fibrinolysis

Pathophysiology (RESP 212) (14 decks)

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