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BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

sources of drugs

A
  • plants
  • animals
  • micro organisms
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2
Q

where is morphine derived from

A

poppies

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3
Q

where was adrenaline originally sourced from

A

adrenal gland of monkeys, sheep and cows (now artificially replicated )

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4
Q

generic name

A

refers to the group or family that a drug belongs to

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5
Q

chemical name

A

a description of a drugs composition

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6
Q

Approved name

A

usually derived from chemical name and approved by local drug authority

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7
Q

propriety name

A

brand name

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8
Q

oral/ enteral route

A

orally taken drugs e.g. capsules

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9
Q

parental route

A

administration of a drug via any route other than the mouth or digestive tract e.g. injection

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10
Q

list the factors that influence the amount of drug that interacts with its target

A
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolisation
  • Excretion
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11
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of how the body effects the drug

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12
Q

Drug Absorption

A

process of an unchanged drug moves from the site of administration into the systemic circulation (e.g. when taken orally)

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13
Q

Factors affecting Drug Absorption

A
  • formulation of drug
  • route of administration
  • tissue surface area and thickness
  • blood supply at the site of administration
  • solubility of a drug
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14
Q

Drug Distribution

A

the process of reversible transfer of a drug between 1 location and another

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15
Q

Factors affecting drug distribution

A
  • health of cardiovascular system
  • degree of blood flow
  • permeability of capillaries
  • lipid or water solubility of the drug
  • if drugs can bind to and stored in tissues and released slowly over time
  • barriers such as: blood brain barriers, placental barriers
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16
Q

Drug Metabolism

A

the chemical modification of a drug and usually carried out by enzymes ( and results in more water soluble compound)

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17
Q

Drug Metabolism - Functionalisation reaction

A

chemical changes that produce a more water soluble compound

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18
Q

Drug metabolism - Conjugation reaction

A

joining the drug with another substance to produce a more water soluble compound

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19
Q

what is the primary site of metabolism

A

liver

- but can also occur in the kidneys, lungs, and intestinal mucosa

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20
Q

Factors affecting drug metabolism

A
  • genetics
  • environmental factors
  • age and gender
  • disease states e.g. slow cardiovascular system
21
Q

hepatic first metabolism

A

drugs that are administered orally first pass through the stomach and small intestine are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein for transport to the liver

(small amount of drug may be absorbed in gastrointestinal tract)

22
Q

first pass metabolism

A

most drugs that each the liver undergo metabolism before they reach systemic circulation

23
Q

bioavailability

A

the remaining amount of drug can exert a pharmacological effect and reaches systemic circulation

24
Q

how much bioavailability will a drug administered intravascularly have ?

A

100% as it avoids first pass metabolism

25
Q

Drug Excretion

A

the irreversible loss of drug from the body

usually excreted via kidneys in the urine

26
Q

Drug Elimination

A

the irreversible loss of the drug from the plasma (usually occurs in the liver due to metabolism)

27
Q

what is the process of excretion dependent upon ?

A

urinary pH ranging from - 4.6 - 8.2

renal and cardiovascular function

28
Q

what is a dosage regimen

A
  • amount of drug administered

- often the drug is administered

29
Q

factors that affect dosage regimen

A
  • age
  • gender
  • health
  • cardiovascular, liver and kidney function
30
Q

therapeutic range

A

the range of drug concentrations that have a high probability of producing the desired therapeutic effect and low probability of toxic effects and lies between 2 ranges:

  1. minimum effective concentration
  2. maximum effective concentration
31
Q

minimum effective concentration

A

minimum amount of drug required for pharmacological effect

32
Q

maximum effective concentration

A

minimum amount of drug that causes a toxic effect

33
Q

drug half life

A

the time taken for the drug concentration to be reduced by 50% from its maximum concentration

34
Q

what does the drug half life determine

A
  • duration of action of single dose of drug

- how often to administer to keep within therapeutic range

35
Q

what is term used for the maximum drug concentration

A

T maximum

36
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

the study of how the drug effects the body

and the mode of drug action

37
Q

what does the mode of drug action depend on

A
  • proteins (primary target) (carrier proteins, ion channels, enzymes, receptors)
  • DNA
38
Q

Drugs and carrier Proteins

A

drugs can alter the function of carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion as drugs bind to and prevent the carrier protein from moving molecules into the cell

39
Q

drugs and ion channels

A
  • binding to the channel causing the channel to open or close
  • blocking the channel
40
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

drug binds to the enzymes active site to slow/inhibit activity

41
Q

non competitive inhibitors

A

drug binds to the enzyme, changing the shape - preventing the substrate from binding = enzyme destroyed

42
Q

agonist receptors

A

initiates or enhances the normal response

43
Q

antagonist receptor

A

blocks the normal response

44
Q

drug hypersensitivity

A

the body’s immune system shows exaggerate response to drug received as foreign substance

45
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

an unintended effect of a drug

46
Q

poly pharmacy

A

taking multiple drugs together

47
Q

drug - drug interaction

A

occurs when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another

48
Q

drug containdications

A

are the conditions that determine when a drug should not be taken

BMA - SEMESTER 2 (8 decks)

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