Module 1 Flashcards
define joint
where 2 or more bones meet which facilitates movement
function of cartilage
- supports body structures
- connects bone
- maintains shape
- resists compression
- has tensile strength (resists stretching and twisting)
what is cartilage composed of
- chondrocytes
- extracellular matrix
what is the extracellular matrix made up of
- ground substances
- collagen
- elastin fibre
list the 3 different types of cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
Features of Hyaline Cartilage
- most abundant
- covers ends of articulating bones = articular cartilage
- connects the ribs to the sternum = costal cartilage
- forms the epiphyseal plates of bones
Features of Elastic Cartilage
- maintains shape
- forms auricle of the ear
Features of Fibrocartilage
- forms knee joint
- connects individual vertebra = intervertebral discs
- connects hip bones = pubic symphysis
List the functions of the bones
- Support
- Protection
- Storage of Minerals + Trigylicerides
- Blood Cell production
- Movement
Function of Bones - Support
provides a framework that supports entire body
Function of Bones - Protection
bones surround and enclose body tissues and organs
Function of Bones - Storage of Minerals + Trigylicerides
- bones store minerals
- bone continually deposits + withdraws calcium and phosphate into and from the blood to maintain homeostatic blood concentrations
Functions of Bones - Blood Cell Production
- bones produce RBC, WBC and platlets
- haematopoiesis occurs within red bone marrow
Functions of Bones - Movement
- bones act as levers to move body parts
- attach directly or indirectly
List the 3 connective tissue layers
- Endomysium
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- all three layers connects to form tendon
define origin
- site of muscle attachment to bone
- bone does not move when muscle contracts
define insertion
- moveable point og muscle attachment
- bone moves when muscle contracts
define the axial skeleton
- forms longitudinal axis of the body and includes the
- skull, vertebral column, rib cage
how many cervical vertebrae
7
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
how many sacral vertebrae
3
define the appendicular skeleton
connects limbs to axial skeleton
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder girdles
- pelvic girdles
List how bones are classified as
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
list the long bones
all limbs bones except: patella, carpal/tarsals, diaphysis + epiphysis
list the short bones
small cubed shaped bones e.g. carpals
patella (sesamoid bone)
list the flat bones
- thin
- flat
- often curved
- e.g. sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapulae, most skull bones
list the irregular bones
- complex shaped
- e.g. vertebrae, hip bones
define tuberosity
a round roughened projection
define trochanter
a large, irregular shaped projection
define tubercle
a small rounded projection
define spine
a pointed projection
define process
a bony bump
define crest
a prominent bony ridge
define malleolus
a projection shaped like hammer head
define head
rounded expansion at the end of bone
define condyle
smooth rounded surface at the end of a bone
define foramen
a round or oval opening
define canal or meatus
passageway through a bone
list types of connective tissue
- osseous tissue
- adipose tissue (yellow bone marrow) and - - hyaline cartilage
list types of nervous tissue
- sensory neurons
list types of muscle and epithelial tissue
- blood vessels
what does collagen fibres provide bones
- flexibility + tensile strength
- ability to resist stretching and twisting
what does calcium phosphate crystals provide to bone
- hard
- compressive strength
- resists compression forces
list the specialised cells found in bone
- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
osteoprogeniter cells
stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
osteobasts
bone building cells that secrete collagen fibres + ground substances
osteoclasts
bone resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release stored minerals
osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain the matrix
what is the outer connective tissue membrane of a bone
- periosteum
- covers compact bone
- contains blood vessels and nerves
what is the internal connective tissue membrane of bone
- endosteum
- covers spongy bone
describe compact bone
- osseous tissue arranged into osteons
- dense
- smooth
describe an osteon
- runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
consists of: - central canal (blood vessels + nerves)
- concentric circles (hollow cylinders) of matrix
- osteocytes
- acts as a weight bearing pillar
describe spongy bone
- osseous tissue arranged into an irregular lattice of thin needle like structures = trabeculae
- reduces weight of bone
describe trabeculae
resist forces from all directions and transfer weight without breaking
what is the purpose of interstitial growth
lengthens bones
what is the purpose of appositional growth
widens bones
In interstitial growth what occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones ?
- new cartilage forms at top of plate
- bone replaces old cartilage at bottom of plate
- diaphysis lengthens
- rate of new cartilage maintains thickness
In appositional groth what occurs at the outer surface of all bones ?
- osteoblasts beneath periosteum compact bone + bone widens
- osteoclasts slowly remove old matrix from inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity + prevents bones from becoming too heavy
describe bone remodelling
maintains bone mass + strength and replaces old matrix with new matrix
bone deposition = rate of resorption (where osteoclasts break down old matrix)
list the factors that affect bone growth + remodelling
- calcium
- phosphate
- vitamin C, A, D
- vitamins k + B12
- weight bearing exercises
closed (simple) fracture
broken bone, doesn’t break skin
open (compound) fracture
broken bone protrudes skin
comminuted fracture
bone fragments into 3+ pieces
greenstick fracture
incomplete break
compression fracture
bone crushed
spiral fracture
ragged brake that occurs w/ twisting
epiphyseal fracture
bone breaks along epiphyseal plate
transverse fracture
bone breaks along own axis
depressed fracture
broken bone pressed inwards
avulsion fracture
bone fragment tears away from main mass of bone
pathological fracture
caused by disease that weakens bone structure e.g. osteoporosis
colles fracture
break down of the distal end of radius
scaphoid fracture
common carpal bone fracture
potts fracture
fracture of both tibia + fibula
what are the 3 stages of fracture treatment
- Reduction
(realignment of bone ends) - Immobilisation
(sling etc) - Rehabilitation
(restore function)
list the 4 steps of fracture repair
- Haematoma forms
- Fibrocatilaginous callus forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodelling
Fracture Repair - Step 1 Haematoma Forms
- torn bloos vessels haemorrhage
- clot forms
- site = swollen
Fracture repair - Step 2 - Fibrocartilagionoous Callus forms
- fibroblasts produce collagen
- chondrocytes produce collagen
- fibrocatrilaginous callus splints broken bone ends
Fracture Repair - Step 3 - Bony callus Forms
- fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone
- bone ends firmly united
Fracture Repair - Step 4 - Bone Remodelling
- compact bone replaces spongy bone at bone surface or diaphysis of long bone
- osteoclasts remove excess bone
- bone returns to normal shape
Osteomalacia/ rickets (children)
- bones poorly mineralised
- lack calcium phosphate crystals
- bones are soft, flexible, easily deformed
- insufficient intake of calcium + vitamin D
Osteogenesis Imperfect (brittle bone disease)
- congenital bone disorder
- affects quality and quantity of collagen
- brittle and easily fractured
list how joints are functionally classified as:
- synarthrosis (immovable)
- amphiarthosis (slightly movable)
- diarthrosis (freely moveable)
list how joints are structurally classified as
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
(based on connective tissue that binds articulating bones)
characteristics of a fibrous joint
- united by fibrous connective tissue
- joint cavity absent
- immovable (synarthrosis) or slightly movable (amphiarthosis)
sutures
- immovable fibrous joints that unite the bone of skull
tibiofibular joint
slightly movable fibrous joint
unites tibia + fibular joint
characteristics of cartilaginous joints
articulating bones united by cartilage
- joint cavity absent
- immovable or slightly movable
characteristics of synovial joints
- articulating bone are covered in articulating cartilage
- joint cavity present
- freely movable
- six types according to movement
Synovial Joint - Articulating capsule
- outer fibrous layer = stabilises connective bones
- inner synovial membrane = produces synovial fluid
- together encloses joint
Synovial joint - joint cavity
separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid
Synovial Joint - articulating cartilage
covers ends of each articulating bone
reinforces ligament
shock absorption, reduces friction
Synovial Joint - reinforcing ligament
stabilises synovial joint
list the additional structures of a synovial joint
Menisci
Muscle tendons
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths (bags of fluid, reduces friction)
Fat Pads
Types of Synovial Joint - Pivot joint
allows rotation
e.g. atlas axis joint
Types of Synovial Joint - Plane joint
- allows gliding movements
e. g. intercapral and inter tarsal joints
Types of Synovial Joint - Conylar joints
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
e.g. knuckle joint
Types of Synovial Joint - Saddle Joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction + circumduction
Types of Synovial Joint - Hinge joint
allows flexion, extension,
eg. knee, elbow, ankle
Types of Synovial Joint - Ball and Socket Joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation
e.g. shoulder + hip joint
