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BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define joint

A

where 2 or more bones meet which facilitates movement

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2
Q

function of cartilage

A
  • supports body structures
  • connects bone
  • maintains shape
  • resists compression
  • has tensile strength (resists stretching and twisting)
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3
Q

what is cartilage composed of

A
  • chondrocytes

- extracellular matrix

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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made up of

A
  • ground substances
  • collagen
  • elastin fibre
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5
Q

list the 3 different types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
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6
Q

Features of Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • most abundant
  • covers ends of articulating bones = articular cartilage
  • connects the ribs to the sternum = costal cartilage
  • forms the epiphyseal plates of bones
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7
Q

Features of Elastic Cartilage

A
  • maintains shape

- forms auricle of the ear

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8
Q

Features of Fibrocartilage

A
  • forms knee joint
  • connects individual vertebra = intervertebral discs
  • connects hip bones = pubic symphysis
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9
Q

List the functions of the bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Storage of Minerals + Trigylicerides
  4. Blood Cell production
  5. Movement
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10
Q

Function of Bones - Support

A

provides a framework that supports entire body

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11
Q

Function of Bones - Protection

A

bones surround and enclose body tissues and organs

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12
Q

Function of Bones - Storage of Minerals + Trigylicerides

A
  • bones store minerals
  • bone continually deposits + withdraws calcium and phosphate into and from the blood to maintain homeostatic blood concentrations
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13
Q

Functions of Bones - Blood Cell Production

A
  • bones produce RBC, WBC and platlets

- haematopoiesis occurs within red bone marrow

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14
Q

Functions of Bones - Movement

A
  • bones act as levers to move body parts

- attach directly or indirectly

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15
Q

List the 3 connective tissue layers

A
  • Endomysium
  • Perimysium
  • Epimysium
  • all three layers connects to form tendon
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16
Q

define origin

A
  • site of muscle attachment to bone

- bone does not move when muscle contracts

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17
Q

define insertion

A
  • moveable point og muscle attachment

- bone moves when muscle contracts

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18
Q

define the axial skeleton

A
  • forms longitudinal axis of the body and includes the

- skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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19
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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20
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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21
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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22
Q

how many sacral vertebrae

A

3

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23
Q

define the appendicular skeleton

A

connects limbs to axial skeleton

  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
  • shoulder girdles
  • pelvic girdles
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24
Q

List how bones are classified as

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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25
Q

list the long bones

A

all limbs bones except: patella, carpal/tarsals, diaphysis + epiphysis

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26
Q

list the short bones

A

small cubed shaped bones e.g. carpals

patella (sesamoid bone)

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27
Q

list the flat bones

A
  • thin
  • flat
  • often curved
  • e.g. sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapulae, most skull bones
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28
Q

list the irregular bones

A
  • complex shaped

- e.g. vertebrae, hip bones

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29
Q

define tuberosity

A

a round roughened projection

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30
Q

define trochanter

A

a large, irregular shaped projection

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31
Q

define tubercle

A

a small rounded projection

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32
Q

define spine

A

a pointed projection

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33
Q

define process

A

a bony bump

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34
Q

define crest

A

a prominent bony ridge

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35
Q

define malleolus

A

a projection shaped like hammer head

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36
Q

define head

A

rounded expansion at the end of bone

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37
Q

define condyle

A

smooth rounded surface at the end of a bone

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38
Q

define foramen

A

a round or oval opening

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39
Q

define canal or meatus

A

passageway through a bone

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40
Q

list types of connective tissue

A
  • osseous tissue

- adipose tissue (yellow bone marrow) and - - hyaline cartilage

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41
Q

list types of nervous tissue

A
  • sensory neurons
42
Q

list types of muscle and epithelial tissue

A
  • blood vessels
43
Q

what does collagen fibres provide bones

A
  • flexibility + tensile strength

- ability to resist stretching and twisting

44
Q

what does calcium phosphate crystals provide to bone

A
  • hard
  • compressive strength
  • resists compression forces
45
Q

list the specialised cells found in bone

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • osteocytes
46
Q

osteoprogeniter cells

A

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

47
Q

osteobasts

A

bone building cells that secrete collagen fibres + ground substances

48
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release stored minerals

49
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain the matrix

50
Q

what is the outer connective tissue membrane of a bone

A
  • periosteum
  • covers compact bone
  • contains blood vessels and nerves
51
Q

what is the internal connective tissue membrane of bone

A
  • endosteum

- covers spongy bone

52
Q

describe compact bone

A
  • osseous tissue arranged into osteons
  • dense
  • smooth
53
Q

describe an osteon

A
  • runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
    consists of:
  • central canal (blood vessels + nerves)
  • concentric circles (hollow cylinders) of matrix
  • osteocytes
  • acts as a weight bearing pillar
54
Q

describe spongy bone

A
  • osseous tissue arranged into an irregular lattice of thin needle like structures = trabeculae
  • reduces weight of bone
55
Q

describe trabeculae

A

resist forces from all directions and transfer weight without breaking

56
Q

what is the purpose of interstitial growth

A

lengthens bones

57
Q

what is the purpose of appositional growth

A

widens bones

58
Q

In interstitial growth what occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones ?

A
  1. new cartilage forms at top of plate
  2. bone replaces old cartilage at bottom of plate
  3. diaphysis lengthens
  • rate of new cartilage maintains thickness
59
Q

In appositional groth what occurs at the outer surface of all bones ?

A
  1. osteoblasts beneath periosteum compact bone + bone widens
  2. osteoclasts slowly remove old matrix from inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity + prevents bones from becoming too heavy
60
Q

describe bone remodelling

A

maintains bone mass + strength and replaces old matrix with new matrix

bone deposition = rate of resorption (where osteoclasts break down old matrix)

61
Q

list the factors that affect bone growth + remodelling

A
  • calcium
  • phosphate
  • vitamin C, A, D
  • vitamins k + B12
  • weight bearing exercises
62
Q

closed (simple) fracture

A

broken bone, doesn’t break skin

63
Q

open (compound) fracture

A

broken bone protrudes skin

64
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone fragments into 3+ pieces

65
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break

66
Q

compression fracture

A

bone crushed

67
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged brake that occurs w/ twisting

68
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

bone breaks along epiphyseal plate

69
Q

transverse fracture

A

bone breaks along own axis

70
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone pressed inwards

71
Q

avulsion fracture

A

bone fragment tears away from main mass of bone

72
Q

pathological fracture

A

caused by disease that weakens bone structure e.g. osteoporosis

73
Q

colles fracture

A

break down of the distal end of radius

74
Q

scaphoid fracture

A

common carpal bone fracture

75
Q

potts fracture

A

fracture of both tibia + fibula

76
Q

what are the 3 stages of fracture treatment

A
  1. Reduction
    (realignment of bone ends)
  2. Immobilisation
    (sling etc)
  3. Rehabilitation
    (restore function)
77
Q

list the 4 steps of fracture repair

A
  1. Haematoma forms
  2. Fibrocatilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodelling
78
Q

Fracture Repair - Step 1 Haematoma Forms

A
  • torn bloos vessels haemorrhage
  • clot forms
  • site = swollen
79
Q

Fracture repair - Step 2 - Fibrocartilagionoous Callus forms

A
  • fibroblasts produce collagen
  • chondrocytes produce collagen
  • fibrocatrilaginous callus splints broken bone ends
80
Q

Fracture Repair - Step 3 - Bony callus Forms

A
  • fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone

- bone ends firmly united

81
Q

Fracture Repair - Step 4 - Bone Remodelling

A
  • compact bone replaces spongy bone at bone surface or diaphysis of long bone
  • osteoclasts remove excess bone
  • bone returns to normal shape
82
Q

Osteomalacia/ rickets (children)

A
  • bones poorly mineralised
  • lack calcium phosphate crystals
  • bones are soft, flexible, easily deformed
  • insufficient intake of calcium + vitamin D
83
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfect (brittle bone disease)

A
  • congenital bone disorder
  • affects quality and quantity of collagen
  • brittle and easily fractured
84
Q

list how joints are functionally classified as:

A
  • synarthrosis (immovable)
  • amphiarthosis (slightly movable)
  • diarthrosis (freely moveable)
85
Q

list how joints are structurally classified as

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial

(based on connective tissue that binds articulating bones)

86
Q

characteristics of a fibrous joint

A
  • united by fibrous connective tissue
  • joint cavity absent
  • immovable (synarthrosis) or slightly movable (amphiarthosis)
87
Q

sutures

A
  • immovable fibrous joints that unite the bone of skull
88
Q

tibiofibular joint

A

slightly movable fibrous joint

unites tibia + fibular joint

89
Q

characteristics of cartilaginous joints

A

articulating bones united by cartilage

  • joint cavity absent
  • immovable or slightly movable
90
Q

characteristics of synovial joints

A
  • articulating bone are covered in articulating cartilage
  • joint cavity present
  • freely movable
  • six types according to movement
91
Q

Synovial Joint - Articulating capsule

A
  • outer fibrous layer = stabilises connective bones
  • inner synovial membrane = produces synovial fluid
  • together encloses joint
92
Q

Synovial joint - joint cavity

A

separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid

93
Q

Synovial Joint - articulating cartilage

A

covers ends of each articulating bone
reinforces ligament
shock absorption, reduces friction

94
Q

Synovial Joint - reinforcing ligament

A

stabilises synovial joint

95
Q

list the additional structures of a synovial joint

A

Menisci
Muscle tendons
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths (bags of fluid, reduces friction)
Fat Pads

96
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Pivot joint

A

allows rotation

e.g. atlas axis joint

97
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Plane joint

A
  • allows gliding movements

e. g. intercapral and inter tarsal joints

98
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Conylar joints

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
e.g. knuckle joint

99
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Saddle Joint

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction + circumduction

100
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Hinge joint

A

allows flexion, extension,

eg. knee, elbow, ankle

101
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Ball and Socket Joint

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation
e.g. shoulder + hip joint

BMA - SEMESTER 2 (8 decks)

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