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BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

function of the kidneys

A
  • maintain the volume and composition of the body’s extracellular fluids
  • process blood, retain useful substances whilst forming urine as a waste product
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3
Q

list the functions of the urinary system

A
  1. regulates
  2. excretes waste
  3. endocrine
  4. produces
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4
Q

Functions of the urinary system - regulates

A
  • regulates fluid volume to control blood water content and thus blood volume
  • regulates solutes and electrolytes
  • regulates acid base balance to control blood pH
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5
Q

Functions of the urinary system - excretes waste

A
  • excretes metabolic waste e.g. urea

- excretes foreign waste e.g. drugs

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6
Q

Functions of the urinary system - endocrine

A
  • erythropoietin (hormone that stimulates RBC)

- renin (maintenance of blood pressure)

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7
Q

Functions of the urinary system - produces

A
  • produces active vitamin D

- produces glucose to maintain levels when fasting

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8
Q

how are the kidneys supplied with blood

A

by the renal arteries; derived from branches of the ABDOINAL AORTA

(drains through renal veins into inferior vena cava)

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9
Q

what are the 3 regions of the kidney structure

A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
  3. pelvis
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10
Q

Kidney - Cortex

A

outer region containing cortical nephrons

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11
Q

Kidney - Medulla

A

cone shaped tissue called renal pyramids

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12
Q

Kidney - Pelvis

A
  • funnel shape continuous with ureter

- drains papillae through minor calcyces then to major calyces

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13
Q

The Nephron - Renal Corpuscle

A

capillaries and glomerular capsule are specialised for filtration

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14
Q

The Nephron - Renal tubule

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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15
Q

nephron

A

urine forming units of the kidney

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16
Q

what are the 2 major groups of nephrons

A
  • cortical nephrons (85%)

= juxtamedullary nephrones (renal medulla, concentrates urine)

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17
Q

what does blood pass through to enter and exit the gomerulus

A

in through afferent arteriole and out by efferent arteriole

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18
Q

what are the 3 major processes of urine production

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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19
Q

describe pertibular capillaries

A

close to renal tubes

low pressure, prous capillaries

readily absorb solutes and water

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20
Q

describe vasa recta

A

long straight vessels serving juxtamedullary nephrons to form concentrated urine

21
Q

what does blood pressure drive

A

filtration

22
Q

what does the filtration membrane of the glomerulus consist of

A
  • perforated endothelium of golmerular capillaries
  • epitheelial cells or podocytes of the inner layer of capsule
  • collagenous basement membrane
23
Q

define glomerular filtration

A

a non selective process in which hydrostatic (blood) pressure forces fluid through the glomerular membrane

24
Q

what does the filter allow to pass

A

free passage of water and most solutes, including ions, glucose,

25
Q

golmerular filtration rate

A

total volume of filtrate produced by kidneys per minute

26
Q

what drives glomerular filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure pushing the fluid out of the blood

27
Q

formula for glomerular filtration

A

GFR=NFPX SAxPERM

28
Q

what does increased GFR lead to

A

increased urinary output (vice versa)

29
Q

what mechanisms regulate GFR

A
  • intrinsic (auto) regulation
  • neural control
  • renin angiotensin system
30
Q

describe the function of auto regulation in relation to GFR

A

automatically adjusts blood pressure in glomerular capillaries to compensate for small changes in systemic blood pressure

31
Q

define tubular reabsorption

A

a selective process that reclaims most of the filtrate formed during glomerular filtration

32
Q

passage of solutes moving through cels in tubular reabsorption

A

move through cells of tubular epithelium and capillary endothelium back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries

33
Q

is reabsorption regulated in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

no it is unregulated

34
Q

how much water and NA+ is reabsorbed at PCT

A

65%

35
Q

where are K+ and uric acid reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption

A

PCT

36
Q

where is the majority of absorption in the nephron loop, ascending or descending loop ?

A

ascending

37
Q

what is the role of aldosterone in reabsorption at the DCT and CD

A

stimulates cells to reabsorb more NA+

38
Q

define tubular secretion

A

a selective process moving substances from the blood into the filtrate

39
Q

where does tubular secretion occur

A

along the length of the tubule and CD

40
Q

why is tubular secretion essential

A
  • to clear plasma of unwanted substances
  • elimination of excess K+
  • control of blood pH (secretes H+ when pH of extracellular rises)
41
Q

define urine

A

the “stuff” removed from the body after filtration, reabsorption and secretion by the renal tubule

42
Q

what is the chemical composition of urine

A
  • 95% water

- 5% solutes (NA,K,CA,Mg,HCO)

43
Q

what does the presence of protein in urine mean

A

pregnancy, hypertension, renal disease

44
Q

what does the presence of ketone bodies in urine mean

A

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

45
Q

what does the presence of bile in urine mean

A

liver disease, obstruction of bile ducts

46
Q

what does the presence of RBC and WBC in urine mean

A

RBC - trauma, kidney stones, infection, cancer

WBC - cancer

47
Q

what is the pathway of urine

A

papillae of pyramids

minor calyces

major calyces

pelvis

ureter

bladder

48
Q

structure of urethra

A
  • muscular tube
  • involuntary control (smooth muscle)
  • voluntary control (skeletal muscle)
49
Q

micturition

A

urination or voiding as stretch receptors are activated once impulses are sent to the spinal cord

BMA - SEMESTER 2 (8 decks)

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