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BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the digestive tract

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

accessory organs of the digestive tract

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • gall bladder
  • liver
  • pancreas
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3
Q

what are the 6 major processes of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical Digestion
  4. Chemical Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Deecation
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4
Q

Define Ingestion

A
  • taking food into the digestive tract

- involves the oral cavity - lips and tongue

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5
Q

Define Propulsion

A

moving food through the digestive tract

  • swallowing
  • peristalsis (alternate waves of muscle contraction and relaxation)
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6
Q

Define Mechanical Digestion

A

physically breaking the food up into smaller fragments so it can be chemically digested

mouth: chewing and mixing food with saliva
stomach: churning and mixing with gastric juice

small intestine: (segmentation) mixes food with digestive juices and aids in nutrient absorption

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7
Q

define chemical digestion

A
  • enzymes break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
  • begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine
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8
Q

define absorption

A

passage of digested end products from the digestive tract lumen into the blood or lymph

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9
Q

define defecation

A

elimination of indigestible substances, in the form of faeces, from the body via the anus

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10
Q

Composition of Digestive Tract - The Mucosa

A
  • innermost layer
  • rich in secretory cells
  • contains capillaries for absorption of end product of digestion
  • contains smooth muscle layer: produces folds in the mucosa of small intestine to increase surface area for absorption
  • contains lymphoid follicles to provide protection from microbes
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11
Q

functions of the mucosa

A
  • secrete
  • absorb
  • protect
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12
Q

Composition of the digestive tract - the submucosa

A
  • external to mucosa
  • contains elastic tissue allowing for stretch and recoil

rich supply of: blood vessels for nutrient absorption,
lymphatic vessels for transportation,
lymphoid tissue for immune function and nerves

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13
Q

Composition of the digestive tract - the muscularis externa

A
  • surrounds submucosa
  • contains 2 smooth muscle layers (inner = circular, outer = longitudinal)
  • the circular muscle can form sphincters which act as valves to control passage of food
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14
Q

functions of the muscularis externa

A

responsible for propulsion (peristalsis) and segmentation (mechanical digestion)

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15
Q

Composition of the digestive tract - The Serosa

A
  • outermost layer
    functions:
  • protection
  • anchors the digestive tract within peritoneal cavity
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16
Q

what lines the oral cavity

A

stratified, squamous epithelium

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17
Q

list the digestive functions of the mouth/oral cavity

A
  • ingestion
  • chewing
  • mixing food with saliva
  • taste sensation
  • initiating chemical digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes of saliva
  • propulsion (swallowing food)
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18
Q

list the salivary glands

A
  • the parotid
  • the sublingual
  • the submandibular
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19
Q

what does saliva consist of

A
  • water
  • mucus
  • enzymes
  • antimicrobial proteins
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20
Q

list the functions of saliva

A
  • mucus moistens and lubricates food (bolus formation)
  • dissolves food chemicals and facilitates taste
  • contains enzymes that begin chemical digestion of carbs
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21
Q

what is the digestive functions of the pharynx and oesophagus

A

propulsion of food to the stomach

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22
Q

Stomach - Gross Anatomy

extra layer of?, shape, oblique muscle

A
  • extra muscle layer in muscularis externa
  • circular + longitudinal = mix and churn to propel food
  • oblique muscle = pummels the food and rems it into small intestine
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23
Q

Stomach - Microscopic Anatomy

what lining, what do gastric pits produce

A
  • lining of simple columnar epithelium = mucosa contains gastric pits
  • gastric pits contain cells to produce: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, mucus, hormones
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24
Q

Stomach - Mucosal barrier (what is it composed of)

A
  1. bicarbonate rich fluid under insoluble mucus on the stomach wall
  2. mucosal epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
  3. damaged mucosal epithelial cells shed and quickly replaces
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25
Q

List the functions of the stomach

A
  1. storage of food
  2. mechanical breakdown - mixing food with gastric juice
  3. initiates chemical digestion of proteins
  4. absorption
  5. propulsion
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26
Q

Small intestine - Gross Anatomy

how long, 3 subdivisions

A

2-4 metres long with muscle tone or 6-7 m without tone

subdivisions:
1. Duodenum - curls around the pancreas

  1. Jejunum
  2. ileum ends at the large intestine
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27
Q

Small intestine - function of duodenum

A

receives bile and pancreatic juice for chemical digestion

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28
Q

Small intestine - function of jejunum

A

major site of mechanical and chemical digestion and absorption

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29
Q

Small Intestine - Microscopic Anatomy

type of surface area, and structural modifications

A

length provides large surface area of nutrient absorption

structural modifications:

  1. circular folds
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
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30
Q

Small intestine - structural modifications - circular folds

structure + function

A
  • deep + permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa

- slows the movement of chyme; increasing time for nutrient absorption

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31
Q

Small intestine - structural modification - villi

structure + function

A

1 mm high finger like projections of the mucosa

absorptive epithelial cells bound by tight junctions = nutrient and electrolyte absorption

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32
Q

small intestine - structural modification - microvilli

structure and function

A

small, densely packed villi on the surface of individual absorptive epithelial cells = brush border

plasma membrane bears enzymes = completes carbs, protein and nucleic acid digestion

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33
Q

function of brush border enzymes

A

completes carbohydrate, protein and nucleic acid digestion

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34
Q

what are the major types of cells found in mucosal epithelium of Villi & Crypts

A
  • epithelial cells = watery mucus = nutrient absorption
  • cells to produce hormones = stimulates secretion of bile
  • lymphoid tissue = defence
  • stem cells that give rise to the epithelial cells as they renew 3-5 days
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35
Q

list the functions of the small intestine

A
  1. propulsion (peristalsis)
  2. mechanical digestion (segmentation)
  3. chemical digestion of all 4 food classes
  4. nutrient absorption
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36
Q

Small Intestine - digestive processes - segmentation

A

breaks up the chyme into smaller portions

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37
Q

small intestine - digestive processes - chemical digestion

A
  • chyme delivered slowly
  • alkaline intestinal mucus and pancreatic juice help neutralise
  • lipids and nucleic acids + partially digested carbs + proteins are chemically digested
  • brush border enzymes complete carbs, proteins and nucleic acid digestion

-

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38
Q

small intestine - digestive processes - peristalsis

A

moves indigestible foodstuff to large intestine

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39
Q

small intestine - digestive processes - absorption

A

90% of absorption occurs in small intestine

  • end product absorbed across the single epithelial cell layer of the mucosa and into the capillaries
  • water soluble absorbed into blood travel in the hepatic portal vein to liver
  • lipid soluble absorbed into lymphatic circulation enters the blood at thoracic duct
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40
Q

hepatic artery

A

supplies oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta (20% input)

41
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

supplies nutrient rich blood from the small intestine

42
Q

define lobules

A

structural and functional unit of the liver

  • made of liver cells called hepatocytes that radiate from from a central vein
43
Q

what is in the portal triad

A
  • arteriole branch of hepatic artery
  • venule branch of the hepatic portal vein
  • bile duct
44
Q

function of leaky capillaries

A

allows heaptocytes to filter and process nutrient rich blood

45
Q

list the 3 functions of the liver

A
  1. Haematologic functions (synthesis of plasma)
  2. Metabolic Functions
  3. Digestive Functions
46
Q

Liver - metabolic functions

A
  • processing of nutrients

- correcting nutrient deficiencies

47
Q

Liver - production of bile (how, what does it contain and why)

A
  • produced by hepatocytes in the gall bladder
  • contains bile salts and phospholipids
  • emulsifies fats = surface area, fat and cholesterol absorption, resorbed in the ilium to be recycled
48
Q

Gall bladder - list functions

A
  • stores and concentrates unused bile

- bile secreted into the duodenum directly from the liver or from fat in gall bladder

49
Q

The Pancreas (what does it contain)

A
  • endocrine tissue which secrete hormones into blood to regulate blood glucose levels
  • contain cells that produce pancreatic juice (containing enzymes, and neutralises chyme)
50
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • enzymes (proteases, amylases, lipases, nucleases)
51
Q

what do proteases digest

A

proteins

52
Q

what do amylases digest

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

what do lipases digest

A

lipids

54
Q

what do nucleases digest

A

nucleic acids

55
Q

what are the subdivisions of the large intestine

A
  • appendix
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
56
Q

function of mucosa

A
  • ease the passage of faeces

- protect the intestinal wall from bacterial acids and gases

57
Q

List the functions of the large intestine (4)

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Temporary storage and compaction of waste materials
  3. Propulsion
  4. Defection
58
Q

Defecation Reflex

A
  1. stretching of the rectal walls due to movement
  2. spinal reflex is initiated
  3. if possible voluntary motor neurons are inhibited
59
Q

origin of the large intestine enteric flora

A

stomach, small intestine, or enter via anus

60
Q

function of large intestine enteric flora

A
  • metabolise mucus
  • ferment cellulose, releasing acids and gases
  • synthesise vitamins B and K
61
Q

define chemical digestion

A

a catabolic process where complex food molecules are broken down into chemical building blocks which are small enough to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

62
Q

example of carbohydrates - polysaccharides

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

63
Q

example of carbohydrates - oligosaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

64
Q

example of carbohydrates - monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

65
Q

what locations does carbohydrate digestion occur

A

mouth and small intestine

66
Q

what are digested proteins broken down into (and by what)

A

amino acids by proteases and brush border enzymes

67
Q

what are digested carbohydrates broken down into (and by what)

A

monosaccharides by amylase and brush border enzymes

68
Q

what are digested proteins composed of

A
  • dietary proteins
  • digestive enzymes
  • proteins from sloughed mucosal cells
69
Q

when are proteases active

A

low pH

70
Q

chemical digestion of lipids

A
  • fats forms globules in water
  • inaccessible to water soluble enzymes
  • emulsified into bile salts
71
Q

what do nucleic acids include

A

DNA and RNA

72
Q

how are nucleic acids chemically digested

A

in the small intestine by pancreatic nucleases (broken into nucleotides)

and by brush order enzymes
( break nucleotides down to their component bases )

73
Q

how are carbohydrates digested in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

74
Q

where does the 10% of absorption occur

A
  • Stomach (lipid soluble substances)

- Large Intestine (water, electrolytes and vitamins)

75
Q

where does absorption occur

A

epithelial cells

76
Q

absorption of water soluble nutrients

3 steps

A
  1. small proteins or carbs are digested into amino acids or monosaccharides by pancreatic or brush border enzymes
  2. monomers are then absorbed into epithelial cells and move to opposite side
  3. monomers enter the capillary e.g. liver
77
Q

define metabolism

A

the sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

78
Q

define anabolism

A

reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones

79
Q

define catabolism

A

reactions that break down complex structures into simpler ones

80
Q

define metabolic rate

A

the energy the body uses to drive metabolism

81
Q

define basal metabolic rate

A

the energy the body uses to perform only essential activities

82
Q

what are the factors that influence basal metabolic rate

A
  • body surface area
  • age and gender
  • body temp
  • stress
  • hormones
83
Q

differentiate between ATP and Energy

A

ATP is the molecule that holds the energy within its bonds

energy is temporarily stored within cells as ATP

84
Q

define cellular respiration

A

biochemical processes that lead to the production of ATP

breaking the chemical bonds in glucose molecules releases energy for ATP

85
Q

Glucose Catabolism involves three biochemical processes

A
  • glycosis
  • TCA cycle
  • electron transport chain
86
Q

define glycosis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells (anaerobic) where one molecule of glucose is broken in half into 2 molecules

87
Q

define tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

occurs in the mitochondria where Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA (by releasing co2, H ions and energy)

88
Q

define electron transport chain

A

occurs in the mitochondria (aerobic) H ions proceed through chemical reactions that produce water and energy

89
Q

what are the 2 nutritional states

A
  1. anabolic or absorptive state (nutrients in abundance, during and within 4 hours of eating)
  2. catabolic or post absorptive state (no food is digested and body reserves broken down)
90
Q

Anabolic or Absorptive State - what cells

A

glucose = produce ATP

amino acids = protein synthesis or produce ATP

trigylcerides = produce ATP if needed

91
Q

catabolic or post absorptive state

A

fasting state more than 4 hours after eating where stored nutrients are broken down and sources of blood glucose for use by neural tissue

92
Q

glycogenesis

A

breakdown of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles

93
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

production of new glucose in the liver

94
Q

summary of absorptive state

A

all cells = ATP
- excess glycogen and stored in liver and skeletal muscles

  • excess fat stored in adipose tissue e
95
Q

summary of post absorptive state

A

blood glucose levels are maintained by

  • glycogenesis
  • gluconeogensis
96
Q

Fate of Amino Acids - Summary

A

Absorptive State

  • all cells = protein synthesis = ATP
  • excess = fat

Post Absorptive State

  • amino acids used to produce glucose and produce ATP
  • used for protein synthesis
97
Q

Fate of Triglycerides Summary

A

Absorptive State

  • produce ATP
  • stored as fat

Post Absorptive state

  • glycerol = glucose and produce ATP
  • fatty acids = acetyl coA and produce ATP
98
Q

Summary of Ketones

A

occurs when carb levels are low fatty acids are converted to ketones in liver

  • all non neural tissue uses ketones to produce ATP
  • occurs during fasting
  • decreases pH (increases rate and depth of breathing)

BMA - SEMESTER 2 (8 decks)

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