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BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the base of the heart

A
  • superior
  • wide surface
  • posterior to sternum
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2
Q

describe the apex of the base

A
  • inferior tip

- 12-14 cm from base

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3
Q

what cavity is the heart located in

A
  • thoracic cavity

- anterior mediastinum

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4
Q

what is the pericardium

and its different layers

A

covers the heart
double walled sac

  • outer parietal pericardium
  • inner visceral pericardium or epicardium
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5
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
    covers the heart
  2. Endocardium
    endothelium covers inner surfaces
  3. Myocardium
    muscular wall
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6
Q

features of the two 2 superior atria

A
  • thin walled
    0 receiving chambers
  • externally separated from ventricles by the coronary sulcus
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7
Q

features of the 2 ventricles

A
  • thick walled
  • discharging chambers
  • externally separated from each other by inter ventricular sulcus
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8
Q

where does the right atria revise deoxygenated blood from

A
  • superior vena cava (from regions superior to diaphragm)
  • inferior vena cava (from regions inferior to diaphragm)
  • coronary sinus
    (from coronary blood supply)
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9
Q

where does the left atria receive oxygenated blood from

A
  • right and left pulmonary veins from the lungs
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10
Q

which vessels take blood away from the ventricles

A
  • pulmonary trunk

- aorta

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11
Q

how are internal ventricles separated from the atria

A
  • via atrioventricular valves
    (right = tricuspid)
    (left = bicuspid)
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12
Q

what does the chord tendinea anchor

A

atrioventricular valves

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13
Q

what are the chord tendinae attached to

A
  • papillary muscles
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14
Q

which side of the ventricular muscle is thicker

A
  • left = thicker
  • generates 4-6X more force
  • contracts from bottom - up
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15
Q

role of atrioventricular valves

A
  • prevent back flow of blood into atria when ventricles contract
  • tensing of chordae tendinea and contraction of papillary muscles stop valves from everting
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16
Q

role of semilunar valves

A
  • forced open when ventricles contract

- close when ventricles relay and blood in arteries try to flow backwards

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17
Q

role of coronary circulation

A
  • supply blood to the myocardium as blood flowing through the heart doesn’t nourish tissue
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18
Q

where does the left coronary artery give rise to

A

anterior interventicular artery which supplied anterior ventricles

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19
Q

where does the right coronary artery give rise to

A

the posterior inter ventricular artery which supplies posterior ventricles

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20
Q

when does blood move into the coronary arteries

A

when the ventricles relax and blood in the aorta attempts to move backwards towards the heart

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21
Q

role of the great cardiac vein

A

drain the anterior regions supplied by the anterior inter ventricular artery

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22
Q

role of the middle cardiac vein

A

drains the posterior area supplied by the posterior interventricular artery

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23
Q

where do all veins drain to and then where does this drain to ?

A
  • coronary sinus

- drains into right atrium

24
Q

characteristics of angina pectoris

A
  • temporary deficiency of myocardial blood supply (narrowed coronary vessels)
  • thoracic pain
  • increased physical demand on the heart
  • myocardial cells weaken
25
Q

characteristics of myocardial infarcation

A
  • prolonged coronary artery blockage
  • myocardium replaced by scar tissue
  • weakens heart
26
Q

what type of pump is the left side of heart

A

systemic

27
Q

what type of pump is the right side of the heart

A

pulmonary

28
Q

what pressure gradient does blood move

A

down

from an area of high pressure to low

29
Q

what is the pathway of blood through the heart

A 
- blood enters via: 
superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus 
- right atrium 
- tricuspid valve 
- right ventricle 
- pulmonary semilunar valve 
- pulmonary trunk 
- to lungs
  • to heart
  • four pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • aorta
30
Q

what two factors influence electrical events in the cardiac cycle

A
  • autonomic nervous system

- intrinsic conduction system (hearts own electrical system)

31
Q

what components make up the intrinsic conduction system

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle
  4. Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
32
Q

intrinsic conduction system - role of sinoatrial node

A
  • acts as pacemaker and determines heart rate
33
Q

intrinsic conduction system - role of atrioventricular node

A
  • pauses here for atria to complete contraction
34
Q

intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular bundle

A
  • connects atria and ventricles
35
Q

intrinsic conduction system - bundle branches

A
  • conduct the impulses through inter ventricular septum
36
Q

intrinsic conduction system - Purkinje Fibres

A
  • penetrate ventricle walls

- depolarise ventricular myocardium

37
Q

role of cardioacceleratory centre and where does it supply sympathetic input to

A
  • increase heart rate and force of contraction

- sympathetic input via thoracic spinal cord to SA and AV node, Myocardium, Coronary arteries

38
Q

role of cardioinhibitory centre and where does it supply parasympathetic input

A
  • decreases heart rate

- parasympathetic input via vagus nerve to SA and AV nodes

39
Q

describe electrocardiography

A
  • detects cardiac electrical events
  • electrodes placed on 12 parts of body
  • composite of all the action potentials generated by the heart
40
Q

ECG - P wave

A
  • depolarisation of the atria

- beginning at the SA node

41
Q

ECG - QRS complex

A
  • depolarisation of the ventricles

- atrial repolarisation

42
Q

ECG - T wave

A
  • repolarisation of the ventricles
43
Q

what can changes in an ECG pattern reveal

A
  • if conduction pathway is normal
  • if heart is enlarged
  • if certain regions are damaged
  • cause of chest pain
44
Q

systole

A

contraction

45
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

46
Q

how long is the cardiac cycle

A

one complete heart beat

47
Q

List the 8 stages in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. All chambers relaxed - ventricles partially filled
  2. Atrial Systole - contracts completely filling relaxed ventricles
  3. Atrial Systole ends and atrial diastole egos
  4. Ventricular Systole (part1) - beings at apex, closes Av valves but pressure not great enough to open SL valves = isovolumetric contraction
  5. Ventricular Systole (part2) - SL valves open from increased pressure = ventricular ejection
  6. Ventricular diastole (early) - ventricles relax, arterial blood flows backwards = SL closes
  7. Isovolumetric Relaxation - no change in blood volume, blood flows backwards and Av valves remain closed
  8. Ventricular diastole (late) - al heart chambers relaxed. AV valves open, blood moves passively from atria to the ventricles
48
Q

what is the average resting heart rate

A

75bpm

49
Q

what occurs in the cardiac cycle when heart rate increases

A
  • all phases shortened
  • especially ventricular diastole
  • blood volume pumped by heart is reduced
50
Q

What does the sound of Lubb s1 mean

A

closure of AV valves

51
Q

what does the sound of Dupp s2 mean

A

closure of SL valves

52
Q

what does a heart murmur mean

A

blood back flow through incompetent valve

53
Q

correlating electrical and mechanical events - P wave

A

atrial depolarisation to atrial systole

54
Q

correlating electrical and mechanical events - QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarisation to ventricular systole

55
Q

correlating electrical and mechanical events - T wave

A

ventricular diastole

BMA - SEMESTER 2 (8 decks)

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