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Medical Terminology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the male reproductive system

A

Produce sperm cells that fertilize ovum in female reproductive system.

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2
Q

Urology and Urologist

A

Study of medicine that includes the male reproductive system.

Physician who specializes in the treatment of the male reproductive system

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3
Q

Main organs of male reproductive system (4)

A

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra

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4
Q

Accessory glands of the male reproductive system (3)

A

Bulbourethral glands
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles

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5
Q

External male sex organs (2)

A

Penis
Scrotum

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6
Q

Scrotum

A

A pouch that suspends from the perineal region; contains the testes

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7
Q

Perineum

A

Area between the thighs that extends from the coccyx of three sacrum to the pubic bone

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8
Q

Why testes hangs outside the body?

A

Thermoregulation of the testes.

Skin of scrotum contract to pull testes closer to body to absorb more heat or relax to allow testes to hang lower and be at a lower temperature.

Sperm cannot survive at normal body temperature

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9
Q

What does the scrotum contain ?

A

Testes
Epididymis

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10
Q

Function of testes

A

Production of sperm and the hormone testosterone

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11
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Cells of the testes that spermatozoa are produced

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12
Q

Male reproductive cells

A

Sperm or spermatozoa

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13
Q

3 columns of erectile tissue within the penis

A

2 columns of corpora cavernous penis

3rd column: corpus spongiosum

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14
Q

Head of the penis

A

Glans penis

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15
Q

Glans penis is covered by skin folds called the

A

Foreskin

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16
Q

These structures are located within the corpus spongiosum

A

Penile section of the urethra
Glans penis

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17
Q

Circumcision

A

Procedure where the foreskin is removed

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18
Q

Internal organs of the male reproductive system

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland

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19
Q

Epididymis

A

Connected to the testes and functions as the location where sperm mature.

Connects the testes with the rest of the male reproductive system

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20
Q

Vas deferens

A

Continuation of the epididymis
Carries sperm from the epididymis out of the scrotum into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal ring, and ends at the ejaculatory duct.

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21
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

There are 2

Connects to the vas deferens before the ejaculatory duct.

Creates fluid that becomes a part of the seminal fluid

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22
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Connects the vas deferens to the urethra in the prostate gland.

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23
Q

Urethra extension and function?

A

From the bladder to the urethral orifice at the head of the penis

Caries urine, semen and seminal fluid out of the body

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24
Q

Three sections of the male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Penile urethra

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25
Q

Glands of the male reproductive system

A

Bulbourethral glands
Prostate gland

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26
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Secretes mucus before ejaculation

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27
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes fluid that helps the sperm remain viable

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28
Q

Sexually transmitted infections

A

Bacterial and viral infections of the urogenital tract that are transmitted to others via sexual contact or can be passed from a mother to a child while pregnant.

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29
Q

Most common STIs

A

Chlamydia
Genital warts
Gonorrhea
Herpes genitalis

Others: HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B

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30
Q

Latent period

A

Period where an individual is infected but has yet to show signs of the infection

Makes difficult to stop the infectious agent from spreading

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31
Q

Chlamydia

A

Caused by bacteria
chlamydia trachomatis

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32
Q

Chlamydia male symptoms (4)

A

Discharge from penis

burning and itching in the genital area

Dysuria

Swollen testes

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33
Q

Chlamydia female symptoms (4)

A

Vaginal discharge
Cystitis
Pelvic pain
Cervicitis

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34
Q

Complications of chlamydia

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease in women

Sterility in both men and women

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35
Q

Treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea

A

Antibiotics

Report to the public health authorities in the United States

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36
Q

Gonnorrhea

A

Caused by bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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37
Q

Gonorrhea symptoms

A

Vaginal and urethral discharge
Dysuria
Urinary frequency

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38
Q

Complications of gonorrhea

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women

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39
Q

Genital warts

A

Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

Causes cauliflower like growths on the penis and perianal area in men and around the vagina and perianal area in Women.

HPV causes some vaginal and vulvar cancers in women

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40
Q

Genital warts treatment (5)

A

Laser surgery
Chemotherapy
Cryosurgery
Cauterization

4 types of this virus can be prevented with a vaccine called gardasil

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41
Q

Vaccine used to treat some HPV infections

A

Gardasil

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42
Q

Herpes genitalis

A

Viral infection from the herpes simplex virus 2

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43
Q

Herpes genitalis symptoms

A

Causes fluid filled blisters on the penis and around the vaginal area

Flu like symptoms (fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, muscular pain)

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44
Q

Herpes genitalis treatment

A

No cure , patients will have cycle of active symptoms and latent periods

Treated with antiviral medications s that can relieve symptoms of pain and itching during acute outbreaks

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45
Q

Herpes simplex

A

Viral infection caused by herpes virus type 1

Causes blisters around the lips and nose that are painful

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46
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of the prostate gland

Common condition that occurs as a man ages

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47
Q

Symptoms of BPH

A

Obstructive urinary complaints :
Hesitancy prior to imitating urination, decrease in the force of urination, sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, straining to urinate and post-void dribbling

Irritative symptoms: urgency, frequency, nocturia

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48
Q

Hesitancy

A

difficulty starting the stream of urine or keeping it flowing

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49
Q

BPH diagnosis

A

History and physical exam

Digital rectal exam

Urinalysis to rule out infection or hematuria

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50
Q

BPH treatment

A

Mild symptoms: closely monitored without treatment

Severe symptoms:
Medications: alpha blockers, 5-alpha resuctase inhibitors

Surgery to destroy part of the prostate and relieve symptoms

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51
Q

Alpha blockers for BPH

A

Relaxes the neck of the bladder

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52
Q

5-alpha reductase inhibitors for BPH

A

Decreases body’s ability to make testosterone, can ease voiding symptom and decrease the size of the prostate

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53
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Consistent inability to achieve and maintain an erection for sexual intercourse.

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54
Q

Causes of erectile dysfunction (5)

A

Vascular disease that obstructs the blood flow to the penis

Neurogenic or hormonal conditions
Complications of diabtes
Substance abuse
Several prescription drugs

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55
Q

Erectile dysfunction treatments (4)

A

Oral medications
Medications injected at the base of the penis
Vacuum erection device
Surgical implantation of a penile prosthesis

56
Q

Function of female reproductive system

A

Continue the human. Species through sexual reproduction

57
Q

Gynecology

A

Medical specialty associated with the female reproductive system and its conditions

58
Q

Obstetrics

A

Medical specialty associated with pregnancy and childbirth

59
Q

Gynecologist and obstetricians

A

Ob-Gyns

60
Q

Key organs of the female reproductive system (5)

A

Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Breast

61
Q

Primary female sex organs

A

Ovaries

62
Q

Female reproductive cell

A

Ova

Produced in the ovaries

63
Q

Functions of ovaries

A

Produces ova
Produces estrogen and progesterone

64
Q

Location of uterus

A

In the pelvic cavity
Above the bladder
Rectum is posterior to the uterus

Suspended in the pelvic cavity through several ligaments that attach to the pelvic walls and the bladder.

65
Q

Normal positioning of the uterus

A

Anteflexion

66
Q

Body and fundus of the uterus

A

Body: large upper portion

Fundus: top of the body

67
Q

Three layers of the uterus wall

A

Endometrium: innermost layer that goes through many changes through the menstrual cycle

Myometrium: muscular middle layer that contracts during childbirth

Perimetrium: outer layer

68
Q

Function of the uterus

A

Provide a place for a fertilized ova to develop into a mature fetus

Contracts to push fetus out of vagina

69
Q

Another name for fallopian tubes

A

Uterine tubes or oviducts

70
Q

Location of the fallopian tubes

A

Either side of the uterus, extends out of the uterus and end at the ovary

71
Q

Sections of the fallopian tube

A

Ovarian end: infundibulum

Opening: ostium

Middle section: ampulla

Section that attaches to uterus: isthmus

72
Q

Fimbriae

A

Tiny finger like structures that surround the ostium

73
Q

Infundibulum
Ostium
Ampulla
Fimbriae
Isthmus

A

Parts of the fallopian tube

74
Q

Purpose of fallopian tube

A

Collect and ovum after it has been discharged from an ovary and to propel it through the tube toward the uterus

75
Q

Fertilization/ conception

A

When an ovum joins with a sperm cell to form a zygote

Typically occurs within the fallopian tubes

76
Q

Vagina

A

Tube that extends from the vestibule of the vulva to the uterus

Functions to discharge menstrual fluid and as a passageway for the fetus during childbirth

Receives penis during sexual intercourse

77
Q

Vulva

A

External female genitalia

78
Q

Structures within the vulva (5)

A

Mona pubis
Labia major
Labia minors
Vestibule
Clitoris

79
Q

Moms pubis

A

Triangular shoes pad of fatty tissue that is covered with pubic hair

80
Q

Labia majors and labia minora

A

Folds of tissue that are on either side of the vaginal opening

81
Q

Vestibule

A

Opening of the vagina that also contains the opening of the urethra (urinary meatus) and thre excretory ducts of the bartholin glands

82
Q

Clitoris

A

Small organ that has erectile tissue and is responsible for sexual pleasure during intercourse

83
Q

Breasts

A

Organs containing mammary glands

Responsible for making milk after childbirth

84
Q

Areola and nipple

A

Areola: dark pigmented section of skin over each breast

Nipple: organ within Areola where the lactiferous/mammary glands secrete milk when a baby sucks on the breast

85
Q

Hormone that stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk

A

Prolactin

86
Q

Colostrum

A

The milk that is immediately produced after childbirth

87
Q

When is breast milk produced? How long can a baby survive on breast milk?

A

2-3 days after childbirth

Up to 6 months after birth

88
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Cycle of changes that happen within the breast, uterus, vagina, and ovaries that are stimulated by several hormones to produce a mature ovum that can be fertilized.

89
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual cycle
Occurs at the end of puberty, marking a mature reproductive system capable of producing offspring

90
Q

Menstrual cycle length

A

21-35 days in a mature female

From teenage years to when a woman is 40-50

91
Q

Menopause

A

When a female stops menstruating

92
Q

Phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase
Ovulatory phase
Luteal/secretory phase

93
Q

Follicular phase

A

-endometrium sheds through a bloody discharge that lasts around 5 days

94
Q

Ovulatory phase

A

Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to thicken and vascularize again

FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce a follicle that ruptures on the cortex/surface of the ovary to release an ovum and the. Produce progesterone for the third phase

95
Q

Ovulation

A

FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce a follicle that ruptures on the cortex/surface of the ovary to release an ovum and the. Produce progesterone for the third phase

96
Q

Luteal phase/secretory phase

A

-The corpus luteum (the ruptured follicle) produces progesterone.
-Progesterone functions to thicken the mucus produced by the cervix to prevent sperm or bacteria from entering the vagina.
-estrogen continues to stimulate the thickning of the endometrium

97
Q

What happens if ovum is not fertilized

A

Corpus luteum dissolves and progesterone and estrogen production decreases. A new menstrual cycle the. Starts again.

98
Q

Pregnancy and it’s length

A

Time between conception and birth of a fetus

Normal pregnancy is 40 weeks long

99
Q

Gestation period

A

Pregnancy length (40 weeks)

100
Q

Trimesters

A

Divisions of pregnancy

3 trimesters, each 3 month long

101
Q

Three stages of human development

A

Pre embryonic stage

Embryonic stage

Fetal stage

102
Q

Timeframe of the 3 human development stages

A

Pre embryonic: first 14 days

Embryonic stage: 3-9 weeks after conception (all major organs and body systems are formed)

Fetal stage: after 9 weeks (every organ system is present )

103
Q

Fundal height

A

Distance in cm from the pubic symphysis to the fundus

Used to assess fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy

After 24 weeks, the fundal height in cm can match the number of weeks a women has been pregnant

104
Q

Positioning of the Fundus as pregnancy progresses

A

Fundus of the uterus extends outside the pelvis and into the abdominal cavity

105
Q

Labor

A

Process of the birth of the fetus

The nyometriun of the uterus contracts to push baby out of the uterus and through the vagina/birth canal

Can start hours to weeks before the baby is born

106
Q

Signs of pending labor (5)

A

Braxton hicks contractions: irregular painless contractions that start in the second trimester

Increased vaginal discharge

Lightening: baby descends into the pelvis

Bloody show of mucus mixed with dark brown blood, which is the dislodging of the mucus plug from the cervix

Rupture of membranes: as amniotic sac ruptures

107
Q

3 stages of active labor

A

Dilation stage: cervix thins and dilated to allow the baby to pass through

Expulsion : time when cervix is fully dilated to the actual delivery of the baby

Placental stage: delivery of placenta

108
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary organ that provides nourishment and oxygen to the baby from the mothers blood supply during pregnancy

Also called afterbirth

109
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects placenta to the baby

110
Q

Postpartum period

A

Time from childbirth to 6 weeks after birth

Female reproductive organs heal from childbirth and return to their pre pregnancy size

111
Q

Abortion

A

Process of expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus prior to the time when a fetus is viable, meaning able to survive outside the womb

112
Q

Stage of viability

A

20 weeks gestation

113
Q

Two classifications of abortion

A

Spontaneous (miscarriage)
-most are due to chromosomal defects

Induced

114
Q

Products of conception

A

Term to describe embryo,fetus, placenta

115
Q

Types of spontaneous abortions (5)

A

Threatened abortion
Inevitable /imminent
Complete abortion
Incomplete abortion
Missed abortion

116
Q

Threatened abortion

A

Cervix does not dilate but there is bleeding or cramping

117
Q

Inevitable or imminent abortion

A

There is bleeding,cramping,cervical dilation, and rupture of membranes but the embryo has not yet passed out of the uterus

118
Q

Complete abortion

A

Products of conception are completely expelled

119
Q

Incomplete abortion

A

When some of the products of conception remain in the uterus

Increases risk of infection and bleeding

120
Q

Missed abortion

A

When a fetus dies but there are no symptoms to indicate that the fetus is no longer viable

121
Q

Procedures for an incomplete abortion

A

Dilation and curettage procedure (D&C)

122
Q

Procedure for a missed abortion

A

Medications to induce the products of conception to leave uterus

Dilation and curettage procedure (D&C)

123
Q

Dilation and curettage procedure (D&C)

A

The cervix is dilated and the walls of the uterus are scrapped to ensure that there are no remaining products of conception in the uterus

124
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When a fertilized ovum implants in a place other than the uterus

Also called extrauterine pregnancy

Commonly located in fallopian tube, but can also occur in ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity.

125
Q

Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

A

Severe pelvic pain that does not improve

Irregular vaginal bleeding

126
Q

Ectopic pregnancy diagnosis

A

Ultrasound that does not show a intrauterine pregnancy

May show an Adnexal mass. When referring to the uterus, this term would refer to the fallopian tubes and ligaments

127
Q

Treatment for ectopic pregnancy

A

Laparoscopic complete or partial salpingectomy

128
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus

This tissue can grow in the abdominal and pelvic cavities

129
Q

Pathology and symptoms of endometriosis

A

As tissue responds to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, without the ability to shed out of the vagina, women will experience
Dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and dyspareunia

130
Q

Endometriosis diagnosis

A

Ultrasound

Definite diagnosis through surgical sampling of tissue for lab analysis

131
Q

Endometriosis treatment

A

Oral contraceptives to control hormonal levels and suppress ovulation

Surgical ablation to control pain

132
Q

Fibroids

A

Benign tumors that grow within the uterus

Most common benign tumors of female reproductive tract

Also called leiomyoma

133
Q

Where do fibroids grow?

A

Underneath the endometrium, in the myometrium , or outside the uterus

Their classification is based on where they grow

134
Q

Fibroids symptoms

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain and pressure

Affects ability to become pregnant

135
Q

Fibroids diagnosis

A

Ultrasound

136
Q

Fibroids treatment

A

Small fibroids: anti inflammatory meds to control pain and bleeding in patients with mild symptoms

Large fibroids: surgical management (myomectomy)

137
Q

Myomectomy

A

Surgical removal of a uterine fibroid

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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