Module 7 Flashcards
Function of the male reproductive system
Produce sperm cells that fertilize ovum in female reproductive system.
Urology and Urologist
Study of medicine that includes the male reproductive system.
Physician who specializes in the treatment of the male reproductive system
Main organs of male reproductive system (4)
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra
Accessory glands of the male reproductive system (3)
Bulbourethral glands
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
External male sex organs (2)
Penis
Scrotum
Scrotum
A pouch that suspends from the perineal region; contains the testes
Perineum
Area between the thighs that extends from the coccyx of three sacrum to the pubic bone
Why testes hangs outside the body?
Thermoregulation of the testes.
Skin of scrotum contract to pull testes closer to body to absorb more heat or relax to allow testes to hang lower and be at a lower temperature.
Sperm cannot survive at normal body temperature
What does the scrotum contain ?
Testes
Epididymis
Function of testes
Production of sperm and the hormone testosterone
Seminiferous tubules
Cells of the testes that spermatozoa are produced
Male reproductive cells
Sperm or spermatozoa
3 columns of erectile tissue within the penis
2 columns of corpora cavernous penis
3rd column: corpus spongiosum
Head of the penis
Glans penis
Glans penis is covered by skin folds called the
Foreskin
These structures are located within the corpus spongiosum
Penile section of the urethra
Glans penis
Circumcision
Procedure where the foreskin is removed
Internal organs of the male reproductive system
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland
Epididymis
Connected to the testes and functions as the location where sperm mature.
Connects the testes with the rest of the male reproductive system
Vas deferens
Continuation of the epididymis
Carries sperm from the epididymis out of the scrotum into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal ring, and ends at the ejaculatory duct.
Seminal vesicles
There are 2
Connects to the vas deferens before the ejaculatory duct.
Creates fluid that becomes a part of the seminal fluid
Ejaculatory duct
Connects the vas deferens to the urethra in the prostate gland.
Urethra extension and function?
From the bladder to the urethral orifice at the head of the penis
Caries urine, semen and seminal fluid out of the body
Three sections of the male urethra
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Penile urethra
Glands of the male reproductive system
Bulbourethral glands
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Secretes mucus before ejaculation
Prostate gland
Secretes fluid that helps the sperm remain viable
Sexually transmitted infections
Bacterial and viral infections of the urogenital tract that are transmitted to others via sexual contact or can be passed from a mother to a child while pregnant.
Most common STIs
Chlamydia
Genital warts
Gonorrhea
Herpes genitalis
Others: HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B
Latent period
Period where an individual is infected but has yet to show signs of the infection
Makes difficult to stop the infectious agent from spreading
Chlamydia
Caused by bacteria
chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia male symptoms (4)
Discharge from penis
burning and itching in the genital area
Dysuria
Swollen testes
Chlamydia female symptoms (4)
Vaginal discharge
Cystitis
Pelvic pain
Cervicitis
Complications of chlamydia
Pelvic inflammatory disease in women
Sterility in both men and women
Treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea
Antibiotics
Report to the public health authorities in the United States
Gonnorrhea
Caused by bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea symptoms
Vaginal and urethral discharge
Dysuria
Urinary frequency
Complications of gonorrhea
Pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women
Genital warts
Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
Causes cauliflower like growths on the penis and perianal area in men and around the vagina and perianal area in Women.
HPV causes some vaginal and vulvar cancers in women
Genital warts treatment (5)
Laser surgery
Chemotherapy
Cryosurgery
Cauterization
4 types of this virus can be prevented with a vaccine called gardasil
Vaccine used to treat some HPV infections
Gardasil
Herpes genitalis
Viral infection from the herpes simplex virus 2
Herpes genitalis symptoms
Causes fluid filled blisters on the penis and around the vaginal area
Flu like symptoms (fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, muscular pain)
Herpes genitalis treatment
No cure , patients will have cycle of active symptoms and latent periods
Treated with antiviral medications s that can relieve symptoms of pain and itching during acute outbreaks
Herpes simplex
Viral infection caused by herpes virus type 1
Causes blisters around the lips and nose that are painful
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Enlargement of the prostate gland
Common condition that occurs as a man ages
Symptoms of BPH
Obstructive urinary complaints :
Hesitancy prior to imitating urination, decrease in the force of urination, sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, straining to urinate and post-void dribbling
Irritative symptoms: urgency, frequency, nocturia
Hesitancy
difficulty starting the stream of urine or keeping it flowing
BPH diagnosis
History and physical exam
Digital rectal exam
Urinalysis to rule out infection or hematuria
BPH treatment
Mild symptoms: closely monitored without treatment
Severe symptoms:
Medications: alpha blockers, 5-alpha resuctase inhibitors
Surgery to destroy part of the prostate and relieve symptoms
Alpha blockers for BPH
Relaxes the neck of the bladder
5-alpha reductase inhibitors for BPH
Decreases body’s ability to make testosterone, can ease voiding symptom and decrease the size of the prostate
Erectile dysfunction
Consistent inability to achieve and maintain an erection for sexual intercourse.
Causes of erectile dysfunction (5)
Vascular disease that obstructs the blood flow to the penis
Neurogenic or hormonal conditions
Complications of diabtes
Substance abuse
Several prescription drugs
Erectile dysfunction treatments (4)
Oral medications
Medications injected at the base of the penis
Vacuum erection device
Surgical implantation of a penile prosthesis
Function of female reproductive system
Continue the human. Species through sexual reproduction
Gynecology
Medical specialty associated with the female reproductive system and its conditions
Obstetrics
Medical specialty associated with pregnancy and childbirth
Gynecologist and obstetricians
Ob-Gyns
Key organs of the female reproductive system (5)
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Breast
Primary female sex organs
Ovaries
Female reproductive cell
Ova
Produced in the ovaries
Functions of ovaries
Produces ova
Produces estrogen and progesterone
Location of uterus
In the pelvic cavity
Above the bladder
Rectum is posterior to the uterus
Suspended in the pelvic cavity through several ligaments that attach to the pelvic walls and the bladder.
Normal positioning of the uterus
Anteflexion
Body and fundus of the uterus
Body: large upper portion
Fundus: top of the body
Three layers of the uterus wall
Endometrium: innermost layer that goes through many changes through the menstrual cycle
Myometrium: muscular middle layer that contracts during childbirth
Perimetrium: outer layer
Function of the uterus
Provide a place for a fertilized ova to develop into a mature fetus
Contracts to push fetus out of vagina
Another name for fallopian tubes
Uterine tubes or oviducts
Location of the fallopian tubes
Either side of the uterus, extends out of the uterus and end at the ovary
Sections of the fallopian tube
Ovarian end: infundibulum
Opening: ostium
Middle section: ampulla
Section that attaches to uterus: isthmus
Fimbriae
Tiny finger like structures that surround the ostium
Infundibulum
Ostium
Ampulla
Fimbriae
Isthmus
Parts of the fallopian tube
Purpose of fallopian tube
Collect and ovum after it has been discharged from an ovary and to propel it through the tube toward the uterus
Fertilization/ conception
When an ovum joins with a sperm cell to form a zygote
Typically occurs within the fallopian tubes
Vagina
Tube that extends from the vestibule of the vulva to the uterus
Functions to discharge menstrual fluid and as a passageway for the fetus during childbirth
Receives penis during sexual intercourse
Vulva
External female genitalia
Structures within the vulva (5)
Mona pubis
Labia major
Labia minors
Vestibule
Clitoris
Moms pubis
Triangular shoes pad of fatty tissue that is covered with pubic hair
Labia majors and labia minora
Folds of tissue that are on either side of the vaginal opening
Vestibule
Opening of the vagina that also contains the opening of the urethra (urinary meatus) and thre excretory ducts of the bartholin glands
Clitoris
Small organ that has erectile tissue and is responsible for sexual pleasure during intercourse
Breasts
Organs containing mammary glands
Responsible for making milk after childbirth
Areola and nipple
Areola: dark pigmented section of skin over each breast
Nipple: organ within Areola where the lactiferous/mammary glands secrete milk when a baby sucks on the breast
Hormone that stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk
Prolactin
Colostrum
The milk that is immediately produced after childbirth
When is breast milk produced? How long can a baby survive on breast milk?
2-3 days after childbirth
Up to 6 months after birth
Menstrual cycle
Cycle of changes that happen within the breast, uterus, vagina, and ovaries that are stimulated by several hormones to produce a mature ovum that can be fertilized.
Menarche
First menstrual cycle
Occurs at the end of puberty, marking a mature reproductive system capable of producing offspring
Menstrual cycle length
21-35 days in a mature female
From teenage years to when a woman is 40-50
Menopause
When a female stops menstruating
Phases of the menstrual cycle
Follicular phase
Ovulatory phase
Luteal/secretory phase
Follicular phase
-endometrium sheds through a bloody discharge that lasts around 5 days
Ovulatory phase
Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to thicken and vascularize again
FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce a follicle that ruptures on the cortex/surface of the ovary to release an ovum and the. Produce progesterone for the third phase
Ovulation
FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce a follicle that ruptures on the cortex/surface of the ovary to release an ovum and the. Produce progesterone for the third phase
Luteal phase/secretory phase
-The corpus luteum (the ruptured follicle) produces progesterone.
-Progesterone functions to thicken the mucus produced by the cervix to prevent sperm or bacteria from entering the vagina.
-estrogen continues to stimulate the thickning of the endometrium
What happens if ovum is not fertilized
Corpus luteum dissolves and progesterone and estrogen production decreases. A new menstrual cycle the. Starts again.
Pregnancy and it’s length
Time between conception and birth of a fetus
Normal pregnancy is 40 weeks long
Gestation period
Pregnancy length (40 weeks)
Trimesters
Divisions of pregnancy
3 trimesters, each 3 month long
Three stages of human development
Pre embryonic stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage
Timeframe of the 3 human development stages
Pre embryonic: first 14 days
Embryonic stage: 3-9 weeks after conception (all major organs and body systems are formed)
Fetal stage: after 9 weeks (every organ system is present )
Fundal height
Distance in cm from the pubic symphysis to the fundus
Used to assess fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy
After 24 weeks, the fundal height in cm can match the number of weeks a women has been pregnant
Positioning of the Fundus as pregnancy progresses
Fundus of the uterus extends outside the pelvis and into the abdominal cavity
Labor
Process of the birth of the fetus
The nyometriun of the uterus contracts to push baby out of the uterus and through the vagina/birth canal
Can start hours to weeks before the baby is born
Signs of pending labor (5)
Braxton hicks contractions: irregular painless contractions that start in the second trimester
Increased vaginal discharge
Lightening: baby descends into the pelvis
Bloody show of mucus mixed with dark brown blood, which is the dislodging of the mucus plug from the cervix
Rupture of membranes: as amniotic sac ruptures
3 stages of active labor
Dilation stage: cervix thins and dilated to allow the baby to pass through
Expulsion : time when cervix is fully dilated to the actual delivery of the baby
Placental stage: delivery of placenta
Placenta
Temporary organ that provides nourishment and oxygen to the baby from the mothers blood supply during pregnancy
Also called afterbirth
Umbilical cord
Connects placenta to the baby
Postpartum period
Time from childbirth to 6 weeks after birth
Female reproductive organs heal from childbirth and return to their pre pregnancy size
Abortion
Process of expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus prior to the time when a fetus is viable, meaning able to survive outside the womb
Stage of viability
20 weeks gestation
Two classifications of abortion
Spontaneous (miscarriage)
-most are due to chromosomal defects
Induced
Products of conception
Term to describe embryo,fetus, placenta
Types of spontaneous abortions (5)
Threatened abortion
Inevitable /imminent
Complete abortion
Incomplete abortion
Missed abortion
Threatened abortion
Cervix does not dilate but there is bleeding or cramping
Inevitable or imminent abortion
There is bleeding,cramping,cervical dilation, and rupture of membranes but the embryo has not yet passed out of the uterus
Complete abortion
Products of conception are completely expelled
Incomplete abortion
When some of the products of conception remain in the uterus
Increases risk of infection and bleeding
Missed abortion
When a fetus dies but there are no symptoms to indicate that the fetus is no longer viable
Procedures for an incomplete abortion
Dilation and curettage procedure (D&C)
Procedure for a missed abortion
Medications to induce the products of conception to leave uterus
Dilation and curettage procedure (D&C)
Dilation and curettage procedure (D&C)
The cervix is dilated and the walls of the uterus are scrapped to ensure that there are no remaining products of conception in the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
When a fertilized ovum implants in a place other than the uterus
Also called extrauterine pregnancy
Commonly located in fallopian tube, but can also occur in ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity.
Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy
Severe pelvic pain that does not improve
Irregular vaginal bleeding
Ectopic pregnancy diagnosis
Ultrasound that does not show a intrauterine pregnancy
May show an Adnexal mass. When referring to the uterus, this term would refer to the fallopian tubes and ligaments
Treatment for ectopic pregnancy
Laparoscopic complete or partial salpingectomy
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus
This tissue can grow in the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Pathology and symptoms of endometriosis
As tissue responds to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, without the ability to shed out of the vagina, women will experience
Dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and dyspareunia
Endometriosis diagnosis
Ultrasound
Definite diagnosis through surgical sampling of tissue for lab analysis
Endometriosis treatment
Oral contraceptives to control hormonal levels and suppress ovulation
Surgical ablation to control pain
Fibroids
Benign tumors that grow within the uterus
Most common benign tumors of female reproductive tract
Also called leiomyoma
Where do fibroids grow?
Underneath the endometrium, in the myometrium , or outside the uterus
Their classification is based on where they grow
Fibroids symptoms
Abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain and pressure
Affects ability to become pregnant
Fibroids diagnosis
Ultrasound
Fibroids treatment
Small fibroids: anti inflammatory meds to control pain and bleeding in patients with mild symptoms
Large fibroids: surgical management (myomectomy)
Myomectomy
Surgical removal of a uterine fibroid
