Module 2 Flashcards
homeostasis
A state of equilibrium that is maintained in the bodies, internal environment to support and sustain life.
what are two examples of homeostasis?
The body’s production of insulin and the adjustment of body temperature.
What is anatomical terminology?
Terms that are used to describe the human body.
What do anatomical terms describe?
Specific locations, positions or directions of the human body
What are three examples of anatomical terms?
Anterior posterior superior
What is the terminology breakdown and definition of anatomy?
Ana- apart
Tome- to cut
What are cells?
The basic building blocks of the human body there are several different cells in the human body, and each has a specific purpose.
What are the eight organizational levels of the human body in order?
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
What are three examples of atoms?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are three examples of molecules?
Sugars, proteins, and water
What are three examples of organelles?
Mitochondria nucleus and ribosomes
What are three types of cells?
Epithelial cell, nerve cell and muscle cell
What are four examples of tissues?
Epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissue
What are three examples of organs?
Lungs brain stomach
What are four examples of organ systems?
Respiratory system, nervous system digestive system, and circulatory system
What are three examples of organisms
Human organism, elephant organism , lion organism
What is the definition of tissue?
A grouping of similar cells that work together to perform a specialized function.
What are the four types of tissue found in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues
What are epithelial tissue?
Forms the outer surfaces of the body and line the body cavities as well has the tubes that leads to the exterior of the body .
what are six of the functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, sensation, secretion, absorption ,excretion, and diffusion
How does epithelial tissue perform protection?
Protects the outer skin by forming a physical barrier over underlying tissue
How does epithelial tissue function sensation?
Forms specialized cells in the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue to help the body interprets sensory stimuli
How does epithelial cells function in secretion?
Secretes substances, such as hormones, enzymes, and lubricating fluid via various glands
How does epithelial cells function absorption?
Lines the small intestine and aid the body in absorbing nutrients from food
How to epithelial cells function in excretion?
Excrete waste products in the kidneys and sweat from the skin
How do epithelial cells function in diffusion?
Found in the lungs and capillaries where diffusion of gases liquids and nutrients occur
What is connective tissue?
Builds the support for the bodies organs and muscles sheaths and also connects muscles to bones and bones to joints. It is the most abundant tissue in the body.
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Forms the muscles throughout the body
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
What is the function of the skeletal muscle?
Voluntarily controlled and is used by the body for movement and posture
What is smooth muscle?
Involuntary muscle and is found in organs such as the esophagus, stomach intestine and bladder. It is not under conscious control, and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
What is cardiac muscle?
Found in the heart and is involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Functions to communicate throughout the body. Nerve cells are excitable and can conduct electricity. nervous tissue coordinates and controls the functions of the body.
What are organs?
Structures in the body that perform specific purposes.
What are body systems?
Group of different organs functioning together for a common purpose.
Function of the Integumentary System?
Protective membrane, temperature, regulator, and sensory receptor
Function of skeletal system
- framework and movement
-Shape, support, protect and storage place for minerals. Makes movement possible
Function of the muscular system?
-Framework and movement
- produce movement, maintain posture and produce heat
Function of the nervous system?
-Communication and control
-transmits impulses, respond to change , responsible for communication and exercises control over all parts of the body.
Function of the endocrine system?
-communication and control
- glands produce hormones, chemical messengers, that provide communication and control throughout the body
Function of the cardiovascular system?
-Transportation and immunity
-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, delivers nutrients and hormones and removes waste products.
Function of the blood and lymphatic system?
-Transportation and immunity
-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, chemical substances and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances. Stimulates immune response, protects the body, and transports proteins and fluids
Function of Respiratory system?
-Distribution and elimination
-furnishes oxygen for use by individual tissue cells and removes their gaseous waste products, carbon dioxide.
Function of digestive system?
-distribution and elimination
-digestion, absorption, and elimination
Function of the urinary system?
-distribution and elimination
-produces urine, transport and eliminates urine
The kidneys help maintain electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance in the body.
Function of Reproductive system?
-Cycle of life
-responsible for sexual characteristics of a male and/or female. Proper functioning insured survival of the human race
What are the characteristics of anatomical position?
- body standing upright
- head facing forward
- arms extended by side of body
- the palms facing frontward
Left and right view?
Left and right are based on the subject’s point of view rather than from the Point of view of the observer.
What is a body plane?
Imaginary sections used to describe the location of body part and study the human body
What are the 4 types of body planes?
Sagittal,
midsagittal,
transverse/horizontal,
frontal/coronal
Describe the sagittal plane
Divides the body or structure vertically into left and right sections
Describe the midsagittal plane
Divides body or structure into equal left and right halves at the midline
Describe the transverse/horizontal plane
Divides the body or structure into superior and inferior sections
Describe the coronal/ frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior section
- right angle to the midsagittal plane
Definition of superior?
Above, in an upward direction, toward the head.
Example of superior direction?
The neck is superior to the abdomen
Definition of inferior (infer/o)?
Below, in a downward direction ; more toward the feet
Example of inferior direction
The feet is inferior to the abdomen
Definition of anterior (anterior/o)
In front of, before, the front side of the body
Definition of posterior (poster/o)?
Toward the back, the backside of the body
Example of anterior direction
The nose is located on anterior side of head
Example of posterior direction
The buttock is on posterior side of the body
Definition of cephalic (cephalic/o)?
Pertaining to the head, superior in position
Example of cephalic direction
-Collar bone is cephalic to the sternum.
-when a fetus has a cephalic presentation at birth, it means that any part of the head is the presenting part.
Definition of Caudal (caud/o)?
Pertaining to the tail, inferior in position
Example of caudal direction?
-The cauda equine is a specific part of the spinal cord that is located at the bottom
-sternum is caudal to the collar bone
Definition of medial (medi/o)?
Nearest to the midline or middle
Example of medial direction?
The umbilicus is in the medial area of the abdomen
Definition of lateral (later/o)
To the side, away from the middle
Example of lateral direction
The arms are lateral to the abdomen
Definition of proximal (proxim/o)?
Nearest to the point of origin (point of attachment)
Example of proximal
The elbow is proximal to the hand
Definition of distal (dist/o)?
Away from the point of attachment , far from the point of origin
Example of distal direction ?
The hand is distal to the elbow
Definition of deep?
Further below the surface
Example of deep direction
The deep fascia is a fibrous membrane that covers the muscles, nerves, and vessels
Definition of superficial?
Nearer the surface
Example of superficial direction
The superficial brachial artery is an artery in the arm that is above the medial nerve
Body cavity
Hallow space that contain organs
- enclosed with membrane that are specific to the Cavity that they contain
Cavities of the posterior side
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Cavities of the anterior side
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
2 sections of thoracic cavity
Mediastinum and pleural cavity
Describe the cranial cavity , how is it protected ?
Contains the brain; protected by the meninges and the skull
Describe the spinal cavity ; how is it protected?
Contain the spinal cord; protected by the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and is also covered by the meninges
What protects the thoracic cavity?
The ribs
What organs are in the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum: heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta , and thymus gland
Pleural cavities : lungs
What membrane covers the pleural cavity?
Pleural
What membrane covers the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritoneum
The layers that cover the viscera and the cavities
Visceral layer and parietal layer
What organs are located in The abdominal cavity?
Stomach, liver , spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and the last section of large intestine
Organs of the pelvic cavity ?
Reproductive organs
Male: prostate glands, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, and the vas deferens
Female: vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tube
Structure that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Name the 9 abdominal regions and locations
Right hypocho -epigastric- left hypocho
Right lumbar- umbilical- left lumbar
Right iliac- Hypogastric- Left iliac
Connections in the abdominal regions
Right hypochondriac connects to the sternum via cartilage
Right iliac is near the groin
Right lumbar is near the waist
What are the 4 clinical divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
What organs are in the right upper quadrant?
Majority of the liver, right kidney, portion of large intestine, small portion of pancreas , gallbladder, and section of the small intestine.
What organs are in the right lower quadrant?
Portion of the large intestine and small intestine, the right ureter, appendix, and female (right ovary and right fallopian tube)
What organs are in The left upper quadrant?
Small portion of liver, the spleen, left kidney, stomach, majority of the pancreas , and portion of the small and large intestine.
What organs are in the left lower quadrant?
Portion of the small and large intestine, left ureter and female( left ovary and left uterine tube)
Purpose of body area terminology?
Helpful in describing specific areas of the surface of the body
Abdomin/o + -al
Pertaining to the abdomen
Ante- + cubit/o + -al
Pertaining to the front of the elbow
Axillary
Underarm area
Brachi/o + -al
Pertaining to the arm
Cervic/o + -al
Pertaining to the neck
Crani/o + -al
Pertaining to the skull
Femor/o + -al
Pertaining to the femur/ thigh
Genit/o + -al
Pertaining to the genitals
Glute/o + -al
Pertaining to the buttock
Inguin/o + -al
Pertaining to the groin
The lower extremity
The entire leg
Nas/o + -al
Pertaining to the nose
Orbit/o + -al
Pertaining to the eye socket
Or/o + -al
Pertaining to the mouth
Ot/o + ic
Pertaining to the ear
Palmar
The palm of the hand
Patell/o + -ar
Pertaining to the knee caps
Pelv/o + ic
Pertaining the the pelvis
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Popliteal
The area behind the knee
Scapula/o + ar
Pertaining to the shoulder blade
Stern/o + -al
Pertaining to the sternum
Thorac/o + -ic
Pertaining to the chest/lungs
Trunk
The torso (not including the arms and legs)
Umbilical
The region around the naval
Upper extremity
The entire arm
Vertebr/o + -al
Pertaining to the spine
Purpose of body position terminology
Describes the position of the body; frequently used in surgical positioning
4 types of body position terminology
Prone, supine, lithotomy, Fowler
Prone
Body positioned horizontally and face down; back oriented superiorly
Supine
Body positioned horizontally and face up; back oriented inferiorly
Lithotomy position
Supine position in which buttock is at end of examination table .
- hips and knees are flexed and feet are supported by stirrups
- frequently used in gynecological surgeries/exams
Fowler position
Also called semi-recumbent position
Supine position ; but the head of the bed is elevated 45 degrees
