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Medical Terminology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Primary function of GI tract (4)

A

-ingestion of food
-digestion of food into primary nutrients
-absorption of these nutrients
-elimination of the leftovers end products as solid waste

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2
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Study of the normal function of the GI tract and the diseases that can affect it

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3
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

Physician that specializes in the study of gastroenterology and the treatment of GI tract diseases.

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4
Q

Another name for GI tract

A

Alimentary canal

Continuous tube from mouth to anus
Can be up to 30 feet long

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5
Q

Forms the roof of the oral cavity

A

Soft and hard palates

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6
Q

Teeth are embedded in the _____ on the roof and floor

A

Gingivae

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7
Q

Glands that secrete saliva (3)

A

Sublingual salivary gland
Submandibular salivary gland
Parotid glands

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8
Q

Function of anterior and posterior portion of tongue

A

Anterior: free moving and helps to move food throughout mouth for chewing

Posterior: fixed within the mouth and functions to initiate swallowing

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9
Q

On the surface of tongue

A

Papillae and taste buds

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10
Q

Five types of tastes

A

Sweet, sour,salt ,bitter , and umami

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11
Q

Deciduous Teeth

A

Temporary teeth developed in infancy and are lost during childhood

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12
Q

Number of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth

A

20 deciduous teeth
32 permanent teeth

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13
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

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14
Q

Function of the different types of teeth

A

Incisors and canines: biting into food; have a sharp cutting edge

Premolars and molars: crushing food; crown of the tooth is broad

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15
Q

Food after mixed with saliva and swallowed

A

Bolus

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16
Q

Two sections of pharynx that food moves through?

A

Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

Where is Nasopharynx located?

A

Superiorly to the soft palate

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18
Q

To and from esophagus extends from?

A

From pharynx to stomach

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19
Q

Sphincter

A

A muscle that encircles a tube, and when it contracts, it causes the tube to close

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20
Q

Found at the start and end of the esophagus (2)

A

Pharyngoesophageal sphincter

Lower esophageal sphincter / cardiac sphincter

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21
Q

Purpose of lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevents stomach contents from regurgitating up from the stomach back into the esophagus.

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22
Q

Three layers of the stomach

A

Fundus: upper

Body: main part

Antrum: lower

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23
Q

Where are digestive juice glands located?

A

Rugae

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24
Q

Describe mechanical digestion

A

Occurs when the walls of the stomach contract. This causes churning and mixes food with digestive juices.

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25
Q

Rugae

A

Folds within the walls of the stomach that allows stomach to expand as it fills with food

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26
Q

Describe chemical digestion

A

Digestive juices made by glands in the Rugae , are acidic and contain enzyme/hormones that break down food and convert food to a liquid state.

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27
Q

Chyme

A

Digested food after chemical digestion in the stomach

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28
Q

Chyme moves out of stomach through the ___

A

Pyloric sphincter

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29
Q

Where does the small intestine extend to and from?

A

From pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal sphincter

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30
Q

Function of small intestine

A
  • mixes chyme with digestive enzymes from liver and pancreas
    -absorption of nutrients from the food into the bloodstream
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31
Q

Villi

A

Tiny projections from the mucus membrane surface of the small intestine

-increases surface area of the small intestine dramatically so there is more room for absorption

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32
Q

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats

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33
Q

Three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum: 1st 12 inches
Jejunum:
Ileum: last 12 inches

  • entire small intestine is 21 feet in length
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34
Q

Where does large intestine extend to and from ?

A

From ileocecal valve to the anus

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35
Q

Difference in diameter and size between small and large intestine

A

Diameter:
Small: 1 inch
Large: 2.5 inches

Length:
Large: 5 feet
Small: 21 feet

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36
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon. (ascending, transverse,decending)
Rectum
Anal canal

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37
Q

What is the appendix connected to?

A

The cecum

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38
Q

Large intestine function

A

-Absorbs water from chyme

-waste products are compacted into feces or stool

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39
Q

Defecation

A

Process of removing stool from the anal canal

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40
Q

Accessory organs to the digestive system

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder

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41
Q

Connects accessory organs to alimentary canal

A

Ducts

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42
Q

The 4 salivary glands and their locations

A

Two parotid glands: located below the ear on either side of mouth

Submandibular gland: located in floor of mouth

Sublingual gland: below the tongue

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43
Q

Function of the liver (5)

A

-important for metabolism of nutrients
-carbohydrates converted from glucose to glycogen
-proteins stored, broke down, and formed within the liver
-fats stored within liver, processed and released into the bloodstream
-stores vitamins and irons
-detoxifies the blood and removes various drugs and alcohol

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44
Q

Metabolism

A

Process of chemically and physically breaking down tissues and creating different tissues that are needed for the body.

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45
Q

Bile

A

Digestive juice involved in fat metabolism

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46
Q

What structure does bile leave the liver through?

A

Hepatic duct

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47
Q

What connects gallbladder to the hepatic duct?

A

Cystic duct

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48
Q

Common bile duct

A

Joining of the hepatic duct and cystic duct

-travels to the small intestine to release digestive juices

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49
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores and concentrate bile for later use

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50
Q

Billary tree

A

Ducts that travel from the liver to the intestine

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51
Q

Structures of the biliary tree

A

Hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Pancreatic duct

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52
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion

Chronic (more than 1 month) or acute difficulty in digestion associated with pain in the upper abdomen

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53
Q

Dyspepsia causes

A

Eating too fast
Eating high fat food
Eating during times of high stress
Taking in too much alcohol or caffeine

Side effects of medication including antibiotics, anti inflammatory drugs, opioids, and antidepressants

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54
Q

Dyspepsia treatments

A

-Lifestyle changes
-Medications that decrease amount of stomach acid produced in the stomach

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55
Q

Bleeding the the upper GI tract includes:

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Beginning of the small intestine

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56
Q

Common conditions that lead to upper GI bleeding

A

Ulcers
Esophageal varices
Mallory Weiss tears
Stomach tumors
Vascular abnormalities (ie angiectasias)

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57
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Dilated veins in the lower esophagus due to portal hypertension

Superficial and prone to bleeding

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58
Q

Mallory Weiss tears and it’s causes

A

Lacerations to the Gastroesophageal junction that causes bleeding

-can be associated with excessive alcohol intake or vomiting

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59
Q

Angiectasias

A

Vessels in the submucosa of the GI tract that become dilated and are prone to bleeding due to obstructions in the vascular system

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60
Q

Symptoms of upper GI bleeding

A

Hematemesis
Melena

Significant blood loss:
-tachycardia
-hypertensive
- require stabilization with fluids and blood transfusions

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61
Q

Upper GI bleed treatments

A

EGD to identify location of bleeding

-these areas can be cauterized, clipped , or injected with medication to stop the bleeding

-underlying diseases treated with medication (ex. Acid inhib, hypertensive)

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62
Q

Lower GI bleed

A

Occur primarily in the large intestine

  • can range from mild anorectal bleeding to massive blood loss called hematochezia
63
Q

Hematochezia

A

The passage of large volumes of bloody stool

64
Q

Causes of lower GI bleed

A

-Infectious colitis
-Anorectal disease (ex. hemorrhoids or anal fissures )
-Inflammatory bowel disease ( ulcerative colitis)

-diverticulosis, angiectasias, or tumors of the colon

65
Q

Lower GI bleed treatment

A

-Source of bleeding identified through colonoscopy

–these areas can be cauterized, clipped , or injected with medication to stop the bleeding

-underlying diseases treated with medication

66
Q

GERD

A

Condition where stomach contents reflex into the esophagus and cause symptoms and damage to the surface of the esophagus

67
Q

Causes of GERD

A

-LES is either weak or relaxes inappropriately and allows reflux

-increase in abdominal pressure (seen commonly in pregnant pts and obese pts)

-Hiatal Hernia

68
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A
69
Q

GERD symptoms

A

Heartburn
Regurgitation
Bleaching
Chest pain
Cough

70
Q

GERD treatment

A

-Decrease high acid foods
-weight loss
-smoking cessation
- PPI
- do not lay down for 3 hours after eating

71
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Condition where ulcers develop in the Stomach and duodenum

-stomach acid break down mucosal surface of the stomach and duodenum

72
Q

Causes of peptic ulcer disease

A

-excessive use of anti inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen

  • infection with h pylori
73
Q

PUD symptoms

A

Full, aching, or gnawing epigastric pain

Pain temporary relieved with eating or antacid

74
Q

PUF diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosed through an EGD and h pylori testing

  • treated with antibiotics and PPI medication
75
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Condition where stones develop within the gallbladder

76
Q

Symptoms of cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones in the gallabldder generally do not cause symptoms.

Symptoms can occur as gallstones migrate out of the gallbladder within the biliary tree

77
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder, frequently associated with gallstones

78
Q

Causes of Cholecystitis

A

Gallstone obstructs the cystic duct and inflammation develops behind the obstruction

79
Q

Symptoms of Cholecystitis

A

-RUQ pain
-fever
-vomiting
-jaundice

80
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes

81
Q

Treatment for Cholecystitis

A

-cholecystectomy will occur if there is repeated episodes of Cholecystitis leading to:
-chronic inflammation
-necrosis of the gallbladder due to ischemia
-choledocholithiasis

82
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix that occur when the entrance of the appendix is obstructed by a fecalith, inflammation, foreign body, or tumor

83
Q

Appendix

A

Worm like diverticulum that hangs from the large intestine
- attached to the cecum

84
Q

Fecalith

A

Hard mass of stool

85
Q

Physiology of appendicitis

A

When the appendix become obstructed, there is increased pressure within the large intestine.
- this causes infection and damage to the blood vessels

86
Q

Symptoms of appendicitis

A

-RLQ pain, worse with standing or coughing
-nausea
-vomiting
-fever
-point tenderness at McBurney’s point

87
Q

Diagnosis of appendicitis

A

Via an abdominal ultrasound or abdominal CT scan

88
Q

Treatment of appendicitis

A

Laparoscopic appendectomy

89
Q

Laparoscope

A

Minimally invasive surgical approach with a scope fitted with tools used to remove the appendix, rather than with a large incision.

90
Q

Inflammatory Bowel disease

A

Ulcerative colitis
Crohns disease
-chronic, recurrent inflammation of the mucosal surface of the GI tract

91
Q

Difference between crohns disease and ulcerative colitis

A

UC: inflammation of the lining of the colon only

CD: involve any portion of the GI tract

92
Q

Symptoms of Crohn’s disease

A

Intermittent episodes of fever
Diarrhea
RLQ pain
-ileitis and ileocolitis
-palpable mass in the RLQ
-obstruction of the intestine
-fistula between large and small intestine
-perianal disease with skin tags, anal fissure , perianal abscesses, and fistulas

93
Q

Anal fissure

A

Deep crack around the anus

94
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal passage between two areas that should not be connected

95
Q

Symptoms of ulcerative colitis

A

Bloody diarrhea
Abdominal pain

96
Q

Treatment for inflammatory bowel disease

A

Steroids and aminosalicylates to decrease inflammation

Immunomodulators: used in severe disease to help maintain remission

-surgery to remove section of bowel that is resistant to medication

97
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Condition where pouches form within the walls of the colon

98
Q

Causes and symptoms of Diverticulosis

A

Aging

The pouches themselves to do not cause any symptoms

99
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of one or more diverticula and do cause symptoms

100
Q

Symptoms of Diverticulitis

A

Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever
Blood in the stool

101
Q

Diagnosis and treatment for Diverticulitis

A

Diagnosed with CT scan of the abdomen

Treatment: antibiotics, liquid diet for 2-3 days

IV fluids and IV antibiotics if symptoms do not improve (for severe cases)

102
Q

Urinary system function

A
  • removing waste from the bloodstream
    -excreting waste from the body through urine
103
Q

Nephrology

A

Study of medicine that studies the kidney and disease that affect the kidney.

104
Q

Urology

A

Specialty of medicine that studies the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs

105
Q

Nephrologist

A

Physician that specializes in treatment of renal disease

106
Q

Urologist

A

Physician that specializes in the treatment of pts with diseases of the urinary tract and male reproductive tract.

107
Q

Function and location of kidneys

A
  • filter waste products out of the bloodstream
  • located on either side of the spine behind the abdominal cavity
108
Q

Three layers that protect the kidney

A

Renal capsule: covers surface

Perirenal fat: Cushions the kidneys

Renal fascia: Anchors the kidneys in Their normal position within the abdominal cavity

109
Q

Hilum

A

Notch on the medial side of the kidney

110
Q

What structures enter the kidneys at the hilum?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels
Ureter

111
Q

Nephrons and it’s function

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidneys

-filter the blood, reabsorb needed components back into the blood, and regulate the normal fluid balance within the body.

112
Q

Terms within the nephron (5)

A

Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
Proximal convoluted portion
The loop of henle
Distal convoluted portion

113
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Sac like structure around a capillary bed that filters blood to form urine

114
Q

Glomerulus

A

Located within the bowman’s capsule

Contains capillary bed which reabsorbs needs components back to bloodstream

115
Q

What components leave the blood from the bowman’s capsule and enters the proximal convoluted tubule (6)

A

Water
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Sodium chloride
Potassium

116
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Process in which the blood is filtered within the bowman’s capsule ; waste products leave the blood and enter the proximal convoluted tubule

117
Q

What occurs in kidneys after glomerular filtration?

A

Contents of filtrate are refined in proximal convoluted tubular, as it runs along a capillary.

Glucose, protein, water, and ions are reabsorbed back to blood

Additional waste products enter filtrate

118
Q

Ureter

A

Long narrow tube that travels from the two kidneys to the bladder

119
Q

Urinary bladder function

A

Collects urine from both kidneys until it is time to excrete urine from the body.

  • muscular sac that can expand to hold more urine
120
Q

Urethra function

A

Carrie’s urine from bladder to the outside of the body

121
Q

Urinary meatus

A

The external opening of the urethra

122
Q

Difference between male and female urethra

A

Male: 8 inches and Carrie’s both urine and semen

Female: 1.5 inches and only carries urine

123
Q

Genitourinary tract infection and two examples

A

Infection of the urinary tract

Acute cystitis and acute pyelonephritis

124
Q

Acute cystitis

A

Infection of bladder caused by E coli

Bacteria gains access of UT via the urethra

125
Q

Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for Acute cystitis

A

Frequency, dysuria, urgency,

Urinalysis and Culture and Sensitivity

Short course of antibiotics

126
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis due to infection of the kidney

This infection also descends to the lower urinary tract

127
Q

Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for Acute pyelonephritis

A

Fever, tachycardia, flank pain, shaking chills, voiding symptoms, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Urinalysis, urine culture, imaging of kidney (renal ultrasound or CT scan)

IV antibiotics and IV fluids in hospital; can lead to sepsis and shock if not treated.

128
Q

Acute kidney injury

A

Worsening of kidney function over a short period of time (hours to days)

Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream

129
Q

Accumulation of waste products in the blood.
What is the term and what are some waste examples?

A

Azotemia or uremia

Creatinine, urea, uric acid,

130
Q

Signs of uremia

A

Changes in mental status
Nausea
Vomiting
Malaise

131
Q

Three classifications of AKI

A

Prerenal

Intrinsic kidney disease

Postrenal

132
Q

Prerenal AKI

A

Decrease in perfusion of the kidney with blood

133
Q

Common causes of Prerenal AKI

A

Decreased cardiac output
Decreased blood volume from bleeding
Excessive diuretic use

134
Q

Intrinsic kidney diseases

A

Acute tubular necrosis
Acute glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis

135
Q

Postrenal AKI causes

A

Obstruction of the ureters, bladder, or the urethra

136
Q

Treatment for AKI

A

Treatment of the underlying cause of the AKI

137
Q

Chronic kidney disease
Chronic renal failure

A

Decline in kidney function over months to years

Hypertension and diabetes are common risk factors

138
Q

CKD symptoms

A

Uremic syndrome ; which causes nausea, vomiting, fatigue, metal taste in mouth, and anorexia
Puritis
Restless leg
Insomnia
Memory deficiency

139
Q

Complications of CKD

A

Hypertension
Anemia
Hyperkalemia
Heart failure
Atrial fibrillation
Coronary artery disease

140
Q

Treatment for CKD

A

Treatment of hypertension and diabetes

Dialysis
Renal transplant

141
Q

Dialysis definition and the two common types

A

Medical procedure where the waste material In the blood is separated out and the normal fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance is maintained via a machine or chemical reaction

Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

142
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Blood is removed and processed through a dialyzer and then returned to the body

Completed through a arteriovenous fistula

143
Q

arteriovenous fistula

A

Surgically created connection of an artery and vein

144
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysate is brought into the peritoneal cavity and the peritoneal membrane filters the blood
Dialysate is removed from cavity and the dialysis fluid is replaced

145
Q

Advantages and complication of peritoneal dialysis

A

Pt can complete this process within their own home

Peritonitis; inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

146
Q

Renal transplantation

A

Kidney taken from either a living or deceased donor and then surgically placed in pt with CKD

147
Q

Nephrolithiasis (urinary stone disease)

A

Development of stones within the urinary tract. These stones develop due to saturation of urine

148
Q

Most common stone developed in nephrolithiasis

A

Calcium oxalate
Phosphate stone

149
Q

Common causes for the development of renal stones or calculi

A

Medications
Inadequate hydration
Family history
Pts who live in hot and humid climates

150
Q

Symptoms of renal calculi obstructuon

A

Severe pain in the flank
Nausea
Vomiting
Hard time finding comfortable position

Pain likely resolves once stone passes into the bladder and out the urethra

151
Q

Procedures if renal stone does not pass on its own (3)

A

Extracorpeal shockwave lithotripsy
Ureteroscopic stone extraction
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

152
Q

Ureteroscopic stone extraction

A

Scope travels to the site of stone for removal

153
Q

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

Surgical procedure that removes stone from the renal pelvis via a scope that is inserted through the back that breaks up the stone with ultrasound and then removes the stone fragment

154
Q

Extracorpeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

Ultrasound shock waves break up stones so it can pass easier

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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