Module 3 Flashcards
Integ/o
To cover
Integument?
Covering membrane of the body
Metrics of the skin?
More than 3000 square inch of surface area; up to 6 lbs.
Functions of the skin (4)?
Protect the body,
regulate temperature ,
sense the surrounding environment, secretion
Ways that the skin exhibit protection (4)?
-Protects deeper tissue from pathogens
-prevent mechanical injury & excessive water loss
- store both food and water
-guard body from excessive UV rays from the sun.
Ways the skin regulate temperature rises?
- blood vessels in the dermis dilate when temperature rises, which allows more blood to be brought to skin and heat radiate out of skin.
- sweat glands will secrete more sweat to cool body.
Ways skin regulate temperature drops?
Blood vessels in the dermis constrict, keeping blood closer to the core of the body and converse more body heat.
How the skin practices sensation?
Skin sense environment through nerve endings that sense pain, touch, heat, cold, and pressure.
- nerve travels to the brain and provoked a response to the signal.
How the skin exhibits secretion?
Secretes substances through sweat and sebaceous glands
Two types of glands on the skin?
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Purpose of sweat glands? What is sweat made out of?
Cool the body
- water, salt, and waste
Purpose of sebaceous glands?
Secrete sebum to protect skin from dehydration.
Layers of the skin?
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer (hypo dermis)
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
can lemurs get some bamboo
What epidermis layer are new skin cells generated?
Stratum germinativum
What epidermis layer is melanocytes found?
Stratum germinativum
Function of Stratum germinativum
-
-Site where basal cells exhibit mitosis to create keratinocytes to be pushed to upper layers of the epidermis
- melanocytes create melanin to be carried through melanosomes
- contain merkel cells which aid in the nervous system.
Function of Stratum spinosum?
-Contain keratin cells pushed from the germinativum layer.
-Contain Langerhan cells which function to protect the skin from invading pathogens
Cells that attack foreign invaders in the epidermis?
Langerhan cells ( found in the Stratum spinosum)
Function of Stratum granulosum and lucidum
Contain keratin cells
- lucidum layer only in thick skin areas; contain thin clear protein (eleidin protein)
Function of Stratum Corneum?
Superficial layer that is made of dead cornified keratin skin cells.
Functions to protect the deeper layers.
What is keratin?
Protein that help cells be tough and water resistant
- forms hair, nails, and the thick skin of the palms and soles
Function of the dermis layer
Protects deeper layers, Thermo regulation, and aids in sensation.
What is dermis layer made out of?
- connective tissue
-also nerve, nerve endings , blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, hair follicles and lymphatics
7 types of skin lesions
Macule
Wheal
Papule
Vesicle
Pustule
Ulcer
Fissure
Definition of macule and example?
Flat discolored spot on the skin
Ex. Mole
Definition of wheal and example
Localized temporary elevation of the skin that is itchy and irregular.
Ex. Hives or urticaria
Definition of papule and example?
Solid, confined and elevated area in the skin.
Ex. Pimple
Definition of vesicle and example?
Small fluid filled sac
Ex. Blister
Definition of pustule and example?
Small elevated confined lesion filled with pus.
Ex. Pimple
Definition of ulcer?
Erosion or eating away of healthy tissue.
Definition of fissure?
Crack like slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis.
Parts of the hair?
Hair follicle
Hair root
Hair shaft
Arrector pili muscle
Hair root
Embedded into the hair follicle
Hair shaft
Part of the hair that is visible
Arrector pili muscle function?
Attaches to the hair follicle and keeps hair erect.
- the muscle contracts when the skin is cooled; goosebump reaction.
Changes to hair with age?
Less melanin, thinning on scalp, texture.
Male: more hair in ears, nose, and eyebrow
Female: hormonal changes that can increase facial hair.
What is the nail made up of?
Hard keratin that covers ends of hair and toes.
Nail made up of nail body and nail root
Terms pertaining to the nail (6)?
Nail body
Nail bed
Nail root
Eponychium
Lunula
Free edge
Nail body
Visible portion of the nail and covers the part of epidermis called the nail bed.
Nail bed
Epithelial tissue located deep to the nail body.
Pink in color due to blood vessels in this tissue
Nail root
Fold of epithelial tissue that is not visible
Eponychium
Small portion of epithelial fold that extends over the base of the nail body.
Cuticle
Lunula
Area at the base of the nail body that is lighter than the rest; due to compressed blood vessels by the nail body.
Free Edge
Top of the nail body
Description of the sebaceous gland?
-Oil secreting glands
-Opens into the hair follicle and secretes sebum, which lubricates hair and skin
-Amount of sebum Varys due to age, disease, puberty and pregnancy
Two types of sweat glands
Merocrine glands and Apocrine glands
Where does merocrine glands secrete?
Directly to the skin surface
-prevalent on sole of feet and palms of the hand
Where does apocrine glands secrete?
Into the hair follicles located in the axillae, nipples, and the groin
- begins during puberty
BCC
Basal cell carcinoma
BX
Biopsy
C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
Decub
Decubitus ulcer
Derm
Dermatology
HSV
Herpes Simplex Virus
I & D
Incision and Drainage
ID
Intradermal
MM
Malignant melanoma
PPD
Purified protein derivative
SCC
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
SG
Skin Graft
STSG
Split Thickness Skin Graft
Subq
Subcutaneous
Abrasion
Skin injury that scrapes away surface of skin
Abscess
Collection of puss in the skin
Albinism
Genetic condition where there is partial or complete absence of pigment in skin, hair and eyes.
Anhidrosis
Condition where pt is unable to sweat
Autograft
Graft taken from one part of the pt body and transferred to another part.
Avulsion
Part or structure of the body has been forcibly torn off body
Biopsy
Surgical procedure to remove part of tissue for further evaluation under a microscope.
Bulla
A large blister
Cauterization
Intentional destruction of tissue by a caustic chemical, electric current, laser, or freezing
Cyst
Fluid filled sac in the skin
Chemabrasion
Removal of superficial layer of skin using chemicals
Comedo
Blackhead
Contusion
Blunt trauma to the skin that results in bruising without a break in the skin
Cryosurgery
Use by extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue
Culture and Sensitivity
Lab test used to determine specific bacteria causing an infection and it’s sensitivity to antibiotics
Debridement
Removal of foreign material dead and/or damage tissue from a wound.
Dehiscence
Complication of wound healing where edge of wound reopen and separate
Dermabrasion
Scraping the skin with sandpaper or rotating wire brushes
Erythema
Redness of the skin
Eschar
Scab, slough
Exudate
Oozing of pus or serum
Keloid
A thick and raised scar caused by excessive collagen formation
Laceration
Wound in the skin with a jagged edge, typically caused by trauma
Lesion
General term for Abnormality in the skin
Necrosis
Area of tissue death
Nevis
Pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or moles
Nodule
Solid or raised area of skin cells
Onychia
Inflamed nail bed
Petechiae
Flat pinpoint purplish spots from bleeding that is underneath the skin
Pruritus
Severe itching
Purpura
Bruises that occur in older adults with thin easily damaged skin.
Pyogenic
Producing pus
Seborrhea
Oil discharge from sebaceous gland
Skin graft
Transfer of healthy skin to cover another damaged area.
Trichophagia
Hair eating
Urcticaria
Skin eruption of pale reddish wheals, with severe itching
Also called hives
Ungal
Pertaining to the nail
Acr/o
Extremity
Aden/o
Gland
Albin/o
White
Ang/i
Vessel
Caus/o
Burn/burning
Cellul/o
Little cell
Cutane/o
Skin
Derm/a
Skin
Dermat/o
Skin
Erythr/o
Red
Follicul/o
Little bag
Hidr/o
Sweat
Icter/o
Jaundice
Integument/o
A covering
Kel/o
Tumor
Kerat/o
Horn
Leuk/o
White
Melan/o
Black
Myc/o
Fungus
Oncych/o
Nail
Pachy/o
Thick
Pedicul/o
A louse
Plak/o
Plate
Prurit/o
Itching
Rhytid/o
Wrinkle
Scler/o
Hardening
Seb/o
Oil
Therm/o
Hot; heat
Trich/o
Hair
Vuls/o
To pull
Xanth/o
Yellow
Xer/o
Dry
Acne
Inflammation of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles that result in pustules and papules.
- common in teenagers
Acne rosacea
Chronic acne in adults
- red rash, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels develop
- typically on cheeks and nose
Alopecia
Loss of hair
Alopecia areata
Hair loss in defined patches
Androgenic alopecia
Hair loss resulting from aging
-begins in frontal area of the scalp and proceeds toward the back
Basal cell carinoma
Skin cancer in the epidermis
- very common and mainly results from sun exposure
-typically does not metastasize
Burns and 6 types of burns
Tissue injury from:
heat
fire
chemicals
electricity
lightning or
radiation being applied to skin
1st degree burn?
Affects the epidermis and results in erythema without blisters
2nd degree burn?
Affects the epidermis and into the dermis; causes blisters
3rd degree burn?
Extends through the epidermis, dermis and underlying tissue.
-will require intensive treatment and possibly skin graft
- not painful since nerve endings are damaged.
Name for the 3 degrees of burns?
1st: superficial burn
2nd: partial thickness burn
3rd: full thickness burn
Cellulitis
Acute diffuse inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
- caused by bacterial infection that can gain access to skin
- appears painful red and swollen
Decubitus ulcer
Ulcer formed due to prolonged pressure that obstructs blood flow.
Ecchymosis
Bruising
- trauma and creates a black and blue appearance of the skin from blood collecting under the skin.
Eczema
Acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition where the skin becomes red and itchy.
- vesicles, papules, pustales, scales, and crusting can occur.
Atopic dermatitis
Most common type of eczema; inflammation due to overactivity of immune system, rather than external factors.
Common in children
Gangrene
Tissue necrosis caused by lack of blood supply
-can result in wound debridement, I’ve antibiotics, or even amputation
Herpes simplex
Viral infection caused by the herpes virus type 1
- causes blisters around the lips and the nose
Herpes zoster
Viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus
- occurs along a nerve root; blisters form along nerve of the skin
- “shingles “
Impetigo
Inflammatory skin disease where pustules and vesicles rupture and become crusted.
Malignant melanoma
Aggressive skin cancer that originates in a melanocyte
- can metastasize
Pediculosis
Infection by lice
- eggs from lice are found at base of hair shaft
-saliva from lice can cause a rash
Psoriasis
Chronic inflammatory condition where crusty papules form patches on the skin;
patches have circular borders
Scabies
Mite infection
- mites burrow into the dermis and deposit eggs
- causes inflammation, vesicles, and itching
Squamous cell caronoma
Skin cancer starting in the epidermis
- can grow into deeper tissue and cause ulcers
- rarely metastasizes
Tina corporis
Ringworm
- contagious fungal infection that results in scaling, discolored and well defined skin lesions that are itchy and appear in patches
Family of fungi associated with Tina corporis?
Dermatophytes
Tina pedis
Fungal infection of foot
Tina capitis
Fungal infection of the scalp
Varicella
Viral infection of herpes zoster
-Causes fever and headache
-associated with a skin rash of macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts
Vitiligo
Skin condition where pigment of skin disappears
Melanocytes are attacked causing less pigmentation
List of contagious skin disease
Impetigo
Tina corporis
Tina pedis
Tina capitus
Scabies
Varicella
Herpes zooster
Herpes simplex virus
List of non contagious skin disorders
Psoriasis
Eczema
Vitiligo
Acne
Alopecia
Skin cancer
List of viral skin disorders
Varicella
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
List of fungus skin disorders
Tina corporis
Tina pedis
Tina capitis
List of bacterial skin disorders
Cellulitis
Impetigo
Vector skin disorders?
Scabies
Pediculosis
Cancer skin disorders
Malignant melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Orthopedics
Medical specialty that focuses on the musculoskeletal system.
How many’s bones does the human body have and what are bones made out of?
206 bones
25% water; 75% hard matter ( mainly calcium and phosphate)
What are the functions of the bone?
-Framework
-Aid in movement
-Protection of internal organs
-Storage of minerals like calcium and phosphate
-site of blood formation
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular skeleton
What parts make up the axial skeleton? (4)
Skull, spine,ribs, and sternum
What parts make up the appendicular skeleton? (6)
The shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs and feet
What are the five bone types by shape?
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Where are the long bones located? Example?
Arms and legs
Ex. Femur
Where are the flat bones located? Example?
Shoulder, skull, ribs ; and part of the pelvis
Ex. Sternum or bones in the skull
Where are short bones located? Example?
Fingers and toes
Ex. Carpal bones
Where are irregular bones located? Example?
Spine and ear
Ex. Vertebrae
Example of sesamoid bones?
Ex. Patella
List the bones in the arm and hand
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalanges
List the bones in the leg and foot
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fiblia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
List the bones in the hip
Illium
Ischium
Pubis
List the bones in the thoracic
Ribs
Sternum
List the two major bones above the thoracic region
Clavicle
Scapula
List the bones along the vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
What are the 3 accessories to the skeletal system?
Cartilage,tendons, ligaments
Definition of cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue found at end of bone , in the joints, and the tube structure of the body, such as the larynx, air passage, and ears.
Acts as a shock absorber
Definition of tendons
Fibrous cords that connect muscle to bone.
Definition of ligaments
Fibrous tissue in bands or sheets that connect two or more bones, cartilages, and other structures.
-also helps to support the fascia and muscles
3 functions of muscles? 3 types of muscles?
-enable body to move
-produce 85% of body heat
-maintain stability and posture
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Definition of joints
Point where two or more bones connect
What are the three parts of skeletal muscle?
Body, origin, and insertion
Characteristic of fibrous joints and where it is found.
Provides no movement
Found between bones of the skull
Characteristic of cartilaginous joints and where it is found.
Provides slight movement
Found between the vertebrae of the spine.
Characteristic of synovial joints and where it is found.
Allows free movement in a variety of direction due to synovial fluid lubricating the joint .
Found at hips, knees, shoulders, elbows,wrist and ankles.
Bending a limb
Ex. Elbow and knees
Flexion
Straightening a flexed limb
Ex.elbow and knee
Extension
Moving a body part in a circular motion
Ex.shoulder and hip
Circumduction
Moving a body part away from the middle
Ex. Shoulder and hip
Abduction
Moving a body part toward the middle
Ex. Shoulder and hip
Adduction
Moving a body part forward
Ex. Jaw
Protraction
Moving a body part backward
Ex. Jaw
Retraction
Moving a body park around the central axis
Ex. C1 vertebrae
Rotation
Bending a body part backward
Ex. Wrist and ankle
Dorsiflexion
Turning the palm downward
Ex. Wrist
Pronation
Turning the palm upward
Ex. Wrist
Supination
Turning the sole outward
Ex. Ankle
Eversion
Turning the sole inward
Ex. Ankle
Inversion
AKA
Above the knee amputation
BKA
Below the knee amputation
CK
Creating Kinase
C1,C2,etc
First cervical vertebrae, etc
EMG
Electromyography
Fx
Fracture
IM
Intramuscular
L1,L2,etc
First lumbar vertebrae, etc
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
NSAIDS
Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
OA
Osteoarthritis
ROM
Range of motion
T1,T2,etc
First thoracic vertebrae, etc
Arthr/o
Joint
Burs/o
Bursa
Carp/o
Carpus/wrist
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Clavicula/o
Clavicle/ collar bone
Coccyg/o
Coccyx/tail bone
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
Femor/o
Femur
Fibul/o
Fibula (thin lower leg bone)
Humer/o
Humerus
Ili/o
Ilium ( bone in pelvis )
Ischi/o
Ischium (bone in pelvis)
Kryph/o
Hump
Lord/o
Bent backward
Mandibul/o
Mandible (Lower jaw)
Maxill/o
Maxilla (Upper jaw )
Metacarp/o
Metacarpus
Metatars/o
Metatarsus (foot bone)
Muscul/o
Muscle
My/o
Muscle
Oste/o
Bone
Patell/o
Patella
Phalang/o
Phalanges
Pub/o
Pubus
Radi/o
Radius
Sacr/o
Sacrum
Scapul/o
Scapula
Scoli/o
Crooked/bent
Spondyl/o
Vertebrae
Stern/o
Sternum
Tars/o
Tarsus
Ten/o
Tendon
Tendin/o
Tendon
Tibi/o
Tibia (thicker lower leg bone)
Uln/o
Ulna (part of forearm)
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
Agonist
Muscle that is the primary mover of a given movement
Amputation
Surgical or traumatic removal of a limb, part, or other appendage
Antagonist
Muscle that counteracts the action of another muscle
Arthralgia
Joint pain
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination
Atonic
Lack of normal muscle tone
Atrophy
The wasting away of muscle tissue that may be caused by lack of use or lack of nerve stimulation
Brachyalgia
Pain in the arm
Bradykinesia
Slowness of motion or movement
Bursa
Pad like sac between muscles tendons and bones that is lined with synovial fluid and contains a fluid
Calcaneal
Pertaining to the heel bone
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist bone
Cast
Mechanical equipment that is hard and used to immobilize a fracture bone, dislocated joint, or sprain.
Chondral
Pertaining to cartilage
Clavicular
Pertaining to the clavicle or collar bone
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx or tailbone
Contracture
Shortening of the muscle that is then resistant to stretching
Dactylogram
A fingerprint
Dislocation
Separation of the bone from the joint
Dystonia
Impaired muscle tone
Fixation
Process of holding or securing in a Fixed position
Flaccid
Lacking muscle tone
Hallux
The big toe
Humeral
Pertaining to the humerus
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
Lliisacral
Pertaining to the illium and the sacrum
Intercostal
Pertaining to the space between two ribs
Ischial
Pertaining to the ischium
Lumbar
Pertaining to the lower back
Mandibular
Pertaining to the lower jaw
Maxillary
Pertaining to the upper jaw
Meniscus
Crescent shaped cartilage that is located in certain joints
Ex. Knee
Myalgia
Pain the the muscle
Osteogenesis
Formation of bone
Pedal
Pertaining to the foot
Radial
Pertaining to the radius
Spinal
Pertaining to the spine
Symphysis
A form joint made of cartilage
Synergist
The muscle that acts alongside another muscle to produce movement
Tibial
Pertaining to the tibia
Ulnar
Pertaining to the ulna
Xiphoid
The xiphoid process is the lowest portion of the sternum, it is cartilage that is shaped like a sword.
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joint
- can result from injury
Rheumatoid arthritis
Destruction of the joint caused by a person’s own immune system
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of joint that results from general use of the joint as the body ages
Bursititis, tendinitis, fascititis, myositis
Inflammation of bursa, tendon, fascia, muscle
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Compression of the medial nerve that does underneath a ligament that connects the carpal bones
- common with pts who use hands alot
Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain, soreness, tenderness, weakness, numbness, and tingling
Genu valgum
Abnormal connection where ankles are far apart and knees are together
“Knock-knee”
Genu varum
Legs are bowed so that knees are far apart when the child stands
Ex. Bow leg
Gout
Disease where pt develops pain in the small joints of the hand and feet due to deposits of Kroc acid crystals in the joints
Abnormal curves of the spine (3)?
Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
Kyphosis
Exaggerated curve at the thoracic portion of the spine, producing a hunchback appearance
Lordosis
Exaggerated curve of lumbar that pushes the abdomen and buttock out
Scoliosos
Abnormal lateral curve of the spine
Cancers that originate in the bones/muscle (4)?
Myeloma
Myoma
Myosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Tumor of bone marrow
Myeloma
Malignant tumor of the bone
Osteosarcoma
A tumor of the muscle
Myoma
Malignant tumor of the muscle tissue
Myosarcoma
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infection from a pathogen
Osteoporosis
Condition where bone density decreases
- causes bone fragility; leads to weakness and increase in fractures
- common in post menopausal women
Fracture
Break in bone due to trauma or disease
Closed or simple fracture
Fracture where there is no break in Skin
Open or compound fracture
Fracture that do cause break in skin
- can cause infection or bleeding
Comminuted fracture
When bone is shattered
Transverse fracture
A break in the shaft of the bone
Compression fracture
When two bones are pressed together
Greenstick fracture
A break in half of the shaft of a bone
Epiphyseal fracture
Break in the growth plate at the end of a long bone
Why are greenstick and epiphyseal fractures more common in children?
Bones are more flexible and not fully calcified
Open reduction internal fixation procedure
ORIF
Surgical repair of a severe fracture
The process of ORIF
Fracture is reduced or put back in place in a open incision made by surgeon then fixed with hardware (screw or plates) .
-hardware can be left temporarily or permanently
Muscular dystrophy
Group of genetic diseases that causes progressive weakness and degeneration
Artheocentesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid in a joint
Arthroscopy
Surgical procedure to examine inside of joint with a camera
Arthroplasty
Surgical procedure to repair a joint
-ex. Hip arthroplasty
Bone marrow transplant
Surgical procedure wheee bone marrow is taken from a donor and placed into a pt.
Can be used to treat blood cancers
Craniectomy
Surgical excision of a portion of skull
Craniotomy
Surgical incision made into the skull
Laminectomy
Surgical excision of a portion of the vertebrae
Spondylosyndesis
“Spinal binding”
- surgical procedure where two vertebrae are fused together. This results ina loss of movement between the vertebrae.
- common treatment for back pain caused by intervertebral disc injury
