module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

five special senses

A

smell, taste, hearing, vision, balance

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2
Q

three receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors

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3
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

hearing and balance

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4
Q

photoreceptors

A

vision

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5
Q

chemoreceptors

A

smell and taste

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6
Q

physiology of smell

A
  • odorant must be volatile (gaseous)
  • odorants must reach olfactory epithelium and dissolve in mucus
  • odorant then binds to receptors and opens gated
    channels
  • generate an action potential
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7
Q

olfactory pathway

A
  • olfactory sensory neurons form olfactory nerve (CN I)
  • action potentials travel to olfactory
    cortex of temporal lobe
  • from olfactory cortex the information takes 2 pathways
    1 to frontal lobe: smell consciously interpreted and
    identified
    2 some information travels to hypothalamus and
    other regions of limbic system: emotional
    responses to odour elicited
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8
Q

physiology of taste

A
  • food chemical must be dissolved in saliva
  • the food chemical must diffuse into the taste pore
  • the food chemical must contact the gustatory hairs
  • the food chemical binds to the receptor of the hair cells
  • action potential is generated
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9
Q

gustatory pathway

A
  • Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)
    nerves carry action potentials from taste buds to
  • gustatory cortex of the insula
  • hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of
    taste)
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10
Q

three major areas of the ear

A
  1. External (outer) ear – hearing only
  2. Middle ear (tympanic cavity) – hearing only
  3. Internal (inner) ear – hearing and balance
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11
Q

external ear consists of

A

pinna, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

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12
Q

pinna

A

funnels sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

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13
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

sound waves entering external acoustic meatus travel to and vibrate tympanic membrane

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14
Q

tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in response to sound waves which then transfers sound energy to bones of middle ear

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15
Q

middle ear consists of

A

auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), pharyngotympanic tube

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16
Q

auditory ossicles function

A

transmit and amplify the vibratory motion of the tympanic membrane to the oval window

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17
Q

pharyngotympanic tube function

A

equalises air pressure in the middle ear cavity with external air pressure

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18
Q

internal ear consists of

A

body labyrinth and membraneous labyrinth

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19
Q

body labyrinth consists of

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

20
Q

bony labyrinth fluid

A

perilymph

21
Q

membraneous labyrinth fluid

A

endolymph

22
Q

pathway of sound waves

A

pinna, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, cochlea, pressure waves in perilymph, spiral organ, movement of basilar membrane, vestibulocochlear nerve

23
Q

oval window

A

opening in the bone that partitions middle ear to the start of cochlea. movement causes pressure waves within the perilymph

24
Q

round window

A

thin membrane that seperate the end of the cochlea from middle ear. absorbs pressure waves and prevents perilymph from leaking into the middle ear

25
Q

static equilibrium

A

head is motionless, or moving in a straight line. detected by hair cells in the vestibule

26
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

head rotating, or moving in an angular directed. detected by hair cells in semicircular canals

27
Q

accessory structures of the eye

A

eyebrows, eyelids, conductive

28
Q

eyebrows

A

protect the eye from sweating, shade from direct sunlight

29
Q

eyelids

A

fringed with hair, secrete oily lubricant that prevent eyelids from sticking together

30
Q

conjunctiva

A

produces fluid to prevent drying out

31
Q

pupil

A

allows light to enter the eye

32
Q

iris

A

change size of pupil

33
Q

lens

A

changes shape to focus light on retina

34
Q

ciliary muscles

A

hold lens in place

35
Q

ciliary muscles contracts

A

loosen and becomes round - close vision

36
Q

ciliary muscles relax

A

flattens - distant vision

37
Q

anterior segment

A

contain aqueous humour

38
Q

aqueous humour

A

supplies nutrients and oxygen to lens and cornea, removes waste

39
Q

posterior segment

A

contain vitreous humour

40
Q

vitreous humour

A

support posterior surface of eye and holds retina in place

41
Q

fibrous layer (outer layer) consists of

A

sclera, cornea

42
Q

vascular layer (middle layer) consists of

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

43
Q

retina (inner layer) consists of

A

photoreceptors, fovea centralis, optic disc

44
Q

rods

A

dim light

45
Q

cones

A

colour

46
Q

refraction

A

bending of light rays as it passes through different mediums

47
Q

accommodation

A

increasing or decreasing the refractory power of the lens (increase/decrease the amount of bending of the light rays)