module 2 Flashcards
cytoplasm
watery space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, composed of cytosol or ICF, contains the cellular organelles, contains dissolved proteins and nutrients
nucleus
largest organelle, houses DNA, DNA contains instructions for the cell in particular protein synthesis
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes
floating in cytosol, produce proteins for use inside cell
free ribosomes
floating in cytosol, produce proteins for use inside cell
membrane bound ribosomes
attached to endoplasmic reticulum, produce proteins for export
endoplasmic reticulum functions
synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification
rough endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes, proteins produced by ribosomes on RER are packaged and exported out of cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
no ribosomes attached, synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones, involved in detoxification, storage of calcium ions
mitochondria
cellular respiration - releases energy in the form of ATP
golgi apparatus
traffic director, modify, concentrate and package proteins and lipids, form vesicles and distributes them
lysosomes
demolition crew, digest biological material, dispose bacteria, viruses and toxins, recycle molecules
selectively permeable
membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others
phospholipid molecule
head - hydrophilic, tail - hydrophobic
plasma membrane consists of
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
two plasma membrane proteins
peripheral proteins, integral proteins
peripheral proteins
attach loosely to integral proteins or float free
peripheral protein function
plasma membrane support
integral proteins
classified as channels or carriers for transport or substances
intergral proteins function
transport substances that need to pass through the plasma membrane but cannot pass through directly because they are water soluble or too large
two integral proteins it includes
carrier, channel
two channel proteins
leakage channels, gated channels
leakage channels
always open at both ends, Na and K
gated channels
open at one end and can open and close at the other end
3 types of gated channels
voltage gated, mechanically gated, chemically gated
concentration
measure of the amount of a substance in an area
high concentration
means there are higher numbers of the substance compared to another area
concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a particular substance between 2 different areas
equilibrium
equal space between substances
diffusion
movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
factors that affect rate of movement
concentration gradient, size of substance, temperature
concentration gradient impact on rate of movement
the larger the concentration gradient the faster the substance will move
size of the substance
smaller substances move faster than larger substances
temperature impact on rate of movement
warmer environments increase the rate of movement
passive transport
requires no energy, substances move down concentration gradient
active transport
requires energy ATP, substance move up concentration gradient, includes primary active transport with Na/K ATPase pump
simple diffusion
unassisted transport of lipid soluble or very small substances across a plasma membrane, down its concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
assisted transport of large or lipid insoluble substances, from an area of high concentration to low concentration, using an integral protein
osmosis
movement of water across the plasma membrane, move down concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration
active transport
substances need to move against their concentration gradient, uses carrier proteins called Na/K ATPase pump
tonicity
the ability of a solution to affect the shape of a cell by altering the cells internal water volume
isotonic
same concentration as the ICF for both, causes no change in cell volume or shape
hypertonic
solution has a higher concentration of impermeable solutes than the ICF, shrink (crenate)
hypotonic
solution has a lower concentration of impermeable solutes than the ICF, swell
resting membrane potential definition
potential energy that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating oppositely charged ions by the plasma membrane
no membrane potential
5 positive charges outside and 5 positive charges inside
membrane potential
if one positive ions moves from inside to the outside - 6 outside and 4 inside
in the ECF what ion has a higher concentration compared to the ICF
Na
in the ICF what ion has a higher concentration compared to the ECF
K
the plasma membrane contains more leakage channels of what type
K leakage channels
how is the resting membrane potential generated
generated mainly by the movement of K ions from ICF to ECF through K leakage channels in plasma membrane leaving the outside of plasma membrane positive relative to the negative inside
how is the resting membrane potential maintained
maintained by the active transport of ions using the career protein called the Na/K ATPase pump
location of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord and nerves
location of muscle tissue
bones, heart, smooth muscles
location of epithelial tissue
skin surface
location of connective tissue
bones, tendons, fat
nervous tissue function
transmits electrical signals to regulate and control body functions
muscle tissue function
specialised for contraction to allow movement
skeletal muscle function
voluntary skeletal movement
cardiac muscle function
involuntary and found in the heart
smooth muscle
involuntary in blood vessels, gut, bladder, uterus
epithelial tissue function
protection, absorption, excretion, filtration, secretion, transport of mucus, sensory function
epithelial tissue definition
is a sheet of cells that can cover the body, line internal organs, form glands
4 classes of connective tissue
CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood
what 4 primary tissues does the skin contain
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
3 layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
function of epidermis
prevent substances moving through spaces between the cells
5 epidermal layers
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinsoum, stratum basale
5 cells of the epidermis
epidermal stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocyte, tactile cells, dendritic cells
dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
hypodermis functions
stores fat, shock absorber, insulator
6 functions of skin
protection, sensation, metabolic function, excretion, blood reservoir, temperature regulation
three stages of tissue repair
inflammation, organisation, remodelling
stage 1: inflammation
includes the formation of a blood clot
stage 2: organisation
includes the formation of granulation tissue
stage 3: remodelling
includes regeneration and fibrosis
stage 1: inflammation function
prepares the wound for repair, eliminates invading microorganisms and removes debris and dead tissue
stage 2: organisation function
extracellular matrice synthesis including collagen and restore a blood supply
stage 3: remodelling function
complete permanent skin repair
