module 1 Flashcards
anatomy
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
physiology
the study of the function of the body
complementarity of structure and function
function depends on structure, structure determines function
levels of human structure from simplest to most complex
atoms, molecules and macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
atom
atoms are the building blocks of matter, smallest particle of an element
molecules
atoms combine to form molecules
macromolecules
molecules combine to form macromolecules
organelles
molecules and macromolecules combine to form the components of cells such as organelle
cells
organelles combine to form cells, structural unit of all living things, specialised to carry out particular functions
nerve cells
specialised for electrical communication
red blood cells
specialised for oxygen transport
muscle cells
specialised for movement
epithelial cells
specialised to form linings and covering
tissues
group of cells that perform a specific function
tissue types
epithelial tissue, connective, tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
organ
different types of tissues grouped
organism
organ systems are grouped to form an organism
8 life functions that living things perform
maintaining boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, digestion, excretion, growth
5 survival needs
nutrients, water, oxygen, appropriate temperature, atmospheric pressure
support and movement organ systems
integumentary system, muscular system, skeletal system
environmental exchange organ systems
respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system
control and regulation organ systems
nervous system, endocrine system
fluids, transport and defence organ systems
cardiovascular system, lymphatic system
continuity of life organ systems
reproductive system
reproductive system function
continuity of life
fluid, transport and defence
cardiovascular system, lymphatic system
control and regulation organ system
nervous system, endocrine system
continuity of life
reproductive system
environmental exchange organ systems
respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system
support and movement organ systems
integumentary system, muscular system, skeletal system
what does the internal environment of the body consist of
cells, fluid
fluid outside of body is called
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid inside cells is called
intracellular fluid (ICF)
body fluids are solutions consisting of
solution = solvent + solute(s)
molecules are described what chemical formulas
molecular formula, structural formula
cations
positive charge
anions
negative charge
electrolytes
electrically charged atoms or molecules in solution
salts
ions other than H+
acids
release H+ ions in solution, the concentration of H+ ions determines the acidity of the solution
bases
ions that can bind H+ ions
pH scale
is a way to measure the number of H+ ions in a solution
pH of 7
neutral, equal amount of H+ and base ions
below pH 7
acidic, contain more H+ ions than base ions
above pH 7
basic, contain more base ions than H+ ions
Low pH value
high H+ ion concentration
High pH value
low H+ ion concentration
normal pH range
7.35-7.45
below 7.35
acidosis
above 7.45
alkalosis
buffer
a molecule that can bind or release free H+ ions to counter changes in pH and maintain the normal pH range
organic molecules
contain both carbon and hydrogen
inorganism molecules
do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
4 classes of organism macromolecules make our body
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
three types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharides
small, soluble
disaccharides
small, soluble
polysaccharides
large, insoluble
function of carbohydrates
provide energy for all cellular function
three main kinds of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
triglycerides function
long term energy storage
phospholipids
form all cell membranes, transport lipids in plasma
4 types of steroids
cholesterol, hormones, vitamin D, bile
cholesterol
essential component for all cell membranes
hormones
control many physiological processes
vitamin D
necessary for normal bone growth and function
bile
aids in fat digestion and absorption
what are the two classes of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
two fundamental role of DNA
self replication, instructions for building every protein
role of RNA
carries out the orders for protein synthesis
two proteins
fibrous proteins, globular proteins
fibrous proteins
structural roles
globular proteins
functional roles
3 structural proteins of fibrous proteins
collagen, keratin, elastin
collagen
strength of bones, tendons and ligaments
keratin
substance of hair and nails, provides water resistance to skin
elastin
provides flexibility in tendons, ligaments, skin
globular function
transport, regulation, defence
enzymes
biological catalyst
synthesis reaction
atoms or small molecules are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules
decomposition reactions
chemicals bonds are broken in large molecules resulting in smaller, less complex molecules or atoms
exchange reactions
chemical bonds are both made and broken
what does the ECF contain
interstitial fluid, plasma
homeostasis definition
is a dynamic stable state, internal conditions can vary but they remain within narrow limits
homeostatic control mechanisms
receptor, afferent pathway, control centre, efferent pathway, effector
stimulus
produces change in variable
receptor
detects change
response
response of effector reeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns to homeostatic level
nervous system characteristics
electrical, rapid, short, narrow
endocrine system characteristics
chemical, slow, long, wide
negative feedback
the response reduces the effect of a stimulus, returns to a variable to within the normal range, then turns off
positive feedback
the response enhances the effect of the stimulus, keeps a variable outside the normal range and does not turn off
erythrocytes
transport oxygen
leukocytes
defence
three functions of blood
distribution, regulation, protection
distribution of
oxygen and nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones
regulation of
pH, fluid volume, tempature
protection
infection control, blood loss
