Module 7 Flashcards
It is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, the performance of human activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination of these.
Building
It is an environment that is created by a man with or without the help of the natural environment.
building environment
For the built environment, some considerations should be followed.
Environmental Considerations:
1. Planning requirements.
2. Building Regulations.
3. Land restrictions by vendor or lessor.
4. Availability of services.
5. Local amenities including transport
6. Subsoil conditions
7. Levels and topography of land
8. Adjoining buildings or land
9. Use of Building
10. Daylight and view aspects
Physical Considerations:
1.Natural contours of the land.
2. Natural vegetation and trees.
3. Size of land and/or proposed building
4 Shape of land and/or proposed building. ,
5. Approach and access roads and footpaths. land or activities.
6. Services available.
7. Natural waterways, lakes, and ponds
8. Restrictions such as rights of way; tree preservation and ancient buildings
9. Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land or activities.
10. Proposed future developments
It is the process of providing all information necessary for construction of a building that will meet its owner’s requirements and also satisfy public health, welfare, and safety requirements.
Building design
It is the art and science of building design. .
Architecture
It is in the process of assembling materials to form a building.
Building Construction
Building construction is generally performed by laborers and crafts people engaged for the purpose by an individual or organization, called a _________.
contractor
In the design of a building, architects should be guided by the following principles:
- The building should be constructed to serve purposes specified by the client.
- The design should be constructable by known techniques and with available labor and equipment, within an acceptable time.
- The building should be capable of withstanding the elements and normal usage for a period of time specified by the client.
- Both inside and outside, the building should be visually pleasing.
- No part of the building should pose a hazard to the safety or health of its occupants under normal usage, and the building should provide for safe evacuation or refuge in emergencies.
- The building should provide the degree of shelter from the elements and of control of the interior environment—air, temperature, humidity, light, and acoustics—specified by the client and not less than the minimums required for safety and health of the occupants.
- The building should be constructed to minimize adverse impact on the environment.
- Operation of the building should consume a minimum of energy while permitting the structure to serve its
purposes. - The sum of costs of construction, operation, maintenance, repair, and anticipated future alterations should be kept within the limit specified by the client.
True or False. The ultimate objective of design is to provide all the information necessary for the construction of a building.
True
True or False. Designers also should observe the construction of the building while it is in process.
True
It is used to locate sites, and buildings, define site levels, indicate services to buildings, identify parts of the site such as roads, footpaths, and boundaries and give setting-out dimensions for the site and buildings as a whole. Suitable scale, not less than 1:2500
Location Drawings
It is used to identify and set out parts of the building such as rooms, corridors, doors, windows, etc. Suitable scale, not less than 1:100
Floor Plans
It is used to show the external appearance of all faces and to identify doors and windows. Suitable scale, not less than 1:100
Elevations
It is used to provide vertical views through the building to show a method of construction. Suitable scale, not less than 1:50.
Sections
It is used to identify and supply data for components to be supplied by a manufacturer or for components not completely covered by assembly drawings. Suitable scale range 1:100 to 1:1
Component Drawings
It is used to show how items fit together or are assembled to form elements. Suitable scale range 1:20 to 1:5.
Assembly Drawings
This can be defined as a draft or rough outline of an idea; it can be a means of depicting a threedimensional form in a two-dimensional guise.
Sketch
True or False. Sketches can be produced free-hand or using rules and set squares to give basic guidelines.
True
True or False. All sketches should be clear, show all the necessary detail and above all be in the correct proportions.
True
Prior to purchasing a building site, it is essential to conduct ____________.
site analysis
Prior to purchasing a building site, it is essential to conduct site analysis, and a thorough survey to ascertain whether the site characteristics suit the development concept. The following guidance forms a basic checklist:
- Refer to Ordnance Survey maps to determine adjacent features, locations, roads, facilities, footpaths, and rights of way.
- Conduct a measurement survey to establish site dimensions and levels.
- Observe surface characteristics, i.e. trees, steep slopes, existing buildings, rock outcrops, wells.
- Inquire of local authority whether preservation orders affect the site and if it forms part of a conservation area.
- Investigate subsoil. Use trial holes and borings to determine soil quality and water table level.
- Consider flood potential, possibilities for drainage of water table, capping of springs, filling of ponds, and diversion of streams and rivers.
- Consult local utility providers for underground and overhead services, proximity to the site, and whether they cross the site.
- Note suspicious factors such as filled ground, cracks in the ground, subsidence due to mining, and any cracks in existing buildings.
- Regard neighborhood scale and character of buildings with respect to proposed new development.
- Decide on the best location for building (if space permits) with regard to fill’, land slope, exposure to sun and prevailing conditions, practical use, and access.
True or False. Regular plan surface areas are typical of many building sites, with odd-shaped boundaries and directional changes.
False (regular - irregular)
True or False. Methods for measurement uses modern instruments and computational techniques, including photogrammetry, can provide accurate calculation of site areas.
True
True or False. Fieldwork measurements and simple calculations are an adequate and economical means for obtaining reasonable area estimates for most modest-size sites.
True
Lot area for lots with irregularly shaped boundaries is usually computed using two methods:
Simpson’s Rule and Trapezoidal Rule.
He is a British mathematician who derived interpolation and numerical methods of integration for the calculation of areas under curves.
Thomas Simpson (1710 - 1761)
True or False. The Trapezoidal Rule is more accurate than Simpson’s rule as it assumes a curved boundary, but it is inadequate in most situations for providing a reasonable estimate of site area.
False (The Trapezoidal Rule is a little less accurate than Simpson’s rule as it does not assume a curved boundary, but it is adequate in most situations for providing a reasonable estimate of site area.)
True or False. As with Simpson’s rule, the site plan area is divided into several parallel strips of equal width (w).
True
True or False. The basic objective of site investigation is to collect systematically and record all the necessary data which will be needed or will help in the design and construction processes of the proposed work.
True
Site investigation is composed of three procedures:
Desk Study, Field Study or Walkover Survey, and Laboratory Analysis.
A desk study is a collection of known data, it includes the following:
- Ordinance Survey maps like historical and modern, note grid reference.
- Geological maps like subsoil types, radon risk.
- Site history like green-field/brown-field.
- Previous planning applications/approvals
- Current planning applications in the area.
- Development restrictions like conservation orders.
- Utilities like location of services on and near the site.
- Aerial photographs.
- Ecology factors, protected wildlife.
- Local knowledge: anecdotal information/rights of way,
- Proximity of local land-fill sites like methane risk
Field Study is for intrusive visual and physical activity to:
- Establish site characteristics from the desk study.
- Assess potential hazards to health and safety.
- Appraise surface conditions:
3.1 Trees for preservation orders.
3.2 Topography and geomorphological mapping. - Appraise ground conditions:
4.1 Water table.
4.2 Flood potential: local water courses and springs.
4.3 Soil types.
4.4 Contamination: vegetation die-back.
4.5 Engineering risks: ground subsidence, mining, old fuel tanks.
4.6 Financial risks: potential for the unforeseen. - Take subsoil samples and conduct in-situ tests.
- Consider the need for subsoil exploration, trial pits and boreholes.
- Appraise existing structures:
7.1 Potential for reuse/refurbishment
7.2 Archaeological value/preservation orders.
7.3 Demolition: costs, health issues (e.g. asbestos).
It is a collection of known data.
Desk Study
It is for intrusive visual and physical activity.
Field Study
These are different set of tests done for identifying and classifying soils with regard to moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, particle size distribution and bulk density.
Laboratory Analysis
Some soil investigation and soil sample collection procedures include:
- Trial Pits
- Hand Auger Holes
- Mechanical Auger
- Sampling Shells
- Wash Boring
- Mud-rotary Drilling
- Core Drilling
True or False. Before any specific considerations and decisions can be made regarding site layout a general appreciation should be obtained by conducting a thorough site investigation at the pre-tender stage and examining in detail the drawings, specifications, and Bill of Quantities to formulate proposals of how the contract will be carried out if the tender is successful.
True
True or False. This must be considered for both on- and offsite access.
Access Considerations
True or False. Routes to and from the site must be checked as to the suitability for transporting all the requirements for the proposed works.
True
True or False. Access on-site for deliveries and general circulation must not be carefully considered.
False (remove not)
These are the amount and types of material to be stored.
Storage Considerations
These are the number and type of site staff anticipated.
Accommodation Considerations
What, when and where are they required? Possibility of having permanent services installed at an early stage and making temporary connections for site use during the construction period. Coordination with the various service undertakings is essential.
Temporary Services Considerations
What plant, when and where is it required? Static or mobile plant? If static, select the most appropriate position and provide any necessary hardstanding. If mobile check on circulation routes for optimum efficiency and suitability. Provision of space and hardstanding for on-site plant maintenance if required.
Plant Considerations
What is mandatory and what is desirable? Local vandalism record, type or types of fence and/or hoarding required, possibility of using fencing which is part of the contract by erecting this at an early stage in the contract.
Fencing and Hoarding Considerations
Check to ensure that outcome of the above considerations comply with the minimum requirements set out in the various Construction Regulations and in the Health and Safety at Work Act.
Safety and Health Considerations
The primary objectives of site security are:
- Security against theft.
- Security from vandals.
- Protection from innocent trespassers.
True or False. The need for any type of security required will vary from site to site according to the neighborhood, local vandalism record, and the value of goods stored on site.
True
It is usually required at an early stage in the contract to provide light and power to the units of accommodation.
Supply of electricity
True or False. The supply of electricity to a building site is the subject of a contract between the contractor and the local area electricity company who will want to know the date when supply is required; site address together with a block plan of the site; final load demand of proposed building and an estimate of the maximum load demand in kilowatts for the construction period.
True
The latter can be estimated by allowing ______of the total floor area of the proposed building plus an allowance for high load equipment such as cranes
IOW/m2
True or False. The installation should be undertaken by an incompetent electrical contractor to ensure that it complies with all the statutory rules and regulations for the supply of electricity to building sites.
False (incompetent - competent)
True or False. The units must be weak, durable, and resistant to rain penetration with adequate weather seals to all access panels and doors.
False (weak - strong)
All plug and socket outlets should be colour coded:
400V is red; 230V is blue; 1 IOV is yellow
This can be used effectively to enable work to continue during periods of inadequate daylight.
Site Lighting
It can also be used as a deterrent to would-be trespassers.
Site Lighting
It can be employed externally to illuminate the storage and circulation areas and internally for general movement and for specific work tasks.
Site lighting
True or False. The types of lamps available range from simple tungsten filament lamps to tungsten halogen and discharge lamps. The arrangement of site lighting can be static where the lamps are fixed to support poles or mounted on items of fixed plant such as scaffolding and tower cranes.
True
True or False. The lamps can be sited locally where the work is in progress by being mounted on immovable support or handheld with a trailing lead.
False (immovable - immovable)
Whenever the position of site lighting is such that it can be manhandled it should be run on a reduced voltage of ______ single phase as opposed to the mains voltage of _______.
1 IOV and 230V
To plan an adequate system of site lighting the types of activity must be defined and given an illumination target value which is quoted in ______
lux (lx)
To illuminate the general circulation routes ___________________ lighting could be used either on a standard mains voltage of 230V or on a reduced voltage of 1 1 OV.
bulkhead and/or festoon
True or False. The arrangements for office accommodation to be provided on-site are a matter of choice for each construction worker.
False ( construction worker - contractor)
True or False. Generally, separate offices would be provided for site agent, clerk of works, administrative staff, site surveyors and sales staff.
True
The minimum requirements of such accommodation are governed by the ________________________________.
Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963
The minimum requirements of such accommodation are governed by the Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963 unless they are:
- Mobile units in use for not more than six months.
- Fixed units in use for not more than six weeks.
- Any type of unit in use for not more than 21 hours per week.
- Office for the exclusive use of a self-employed person.
- Office used by family-only staff
Items of builder’s plant ranging from small handheld power tools to larger pieces of plant such as mechanical excavators and tower cranes can be considered for use for one or more of the following reasons:
- Increased production.
- Reduction in overall construction costs.
- Carry out activities that cannot be carried out by the traditional manual methods in the context of economics.
- Eliminate heavy manual work, thus reducing fatigue and as a consequence increasing productivity.
- Replacing labor where there is a shortage of personnel with the necessary skills.
- Maintain the high standards required, particularly in the context of structural engineering works.
True or False. The introduction of plants always result in economic savings since extra temporary site works such as road-works, hardstandings, foundations and anchorages may have to be provided at a cost which is in excess of the savings made by using the plant.
False (does not always)
True or False. To be economic plant must be fully utilized and not left standing idle, since plant, whether hired or owned, will have to be paid for even if it is non-productive.
True
Full utilization of plant is usually considered to be in the region of _____ of on-site time, thus making an allowance for routine, daily and planned maintenance which needs to be carried out to avoid as far as practicable plant breakdowns which could disrupt the construction programme.
85%
True or False. Many pieces of plant work in conjunction with other items of plant such as excavators and their attendant haulage vehicles; therefore, a correct balance of such plant items must be obtained to achieve an environmental result.
False (environmental - economical)
True or False. On large contracts where a number of plant items are to be used it may be disadvantageous to employ a skilled mechanic to be on site to carry out all the necessary daily, preventive and planned maintenance tasks together with any running repairs which could be carried out on site.
False (disadvantageous - advantageous)
True or False. With the exception of small pieces of plant, which are usually purchased, items of plant can be bought or hired or where there are a number of similar items a combination of buying and hiring could be considered.
True
Advantages of Hirinq Plant:
- Plant can be hired for short periods.
- Repairs and replacements are usually the responsibility of the hire company.
- Plant is returned to the hire company after use, thus relieving the building contractor of the problem of disposal or finding more work for the plant to justify its purchase or retention.
- Plant can be hired with the operator, fuel and oil included in the hire rate.
Advantages of Buying Plant:
- Plant availability is totally within the control of the contractor.
- Hourly cost of plant is generally less than hired plant.
- Owner has choice of costing method used.
True or False. All items of plant have minimum output and cycle times which can be used as a basis for estimating anticipated productivity taking into account the task involved, task efficiency of the machine, operator’s efficiency and in the case of excavators the type of soil.
False (minimum - optimum)
True or False. Data for the factors to be taken into consideration can be obtained from timed observations, feedback information or published tables contained in manufacturer’s literature or reliable textbooks.
True
These machines consist of a track or wheel mounted power unit with a mould blade at the front which is controlled by hydraulic rams.
Bulldozers
Many ________ have the capacity to adjust the mould blade to form an angledozer and the capacity to tilt the mould blade about a central swivel point.
bulldozers
True or False. Some bulldozers cannot be fitted with rear attachments such as rollers and scarifiers.
False (cannot - can)