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Civil Engineering Orientation by Renz Magtalas > GEO CE MODULE 1: Geotechnical Engineering > Flashcards

GEO CE MODULE 1: Geotechnical Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

It is the technical specialty that deals with soil and rock as supporting materials for structures.

A

Geotechnical Engineering

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2
Q

It deals with the various foundation types that work between the structure and the ground.

A

Geotechnical Engineering

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3
Q

It deals with the stability of soil or rock slopes whose failure may cause loss of human lives or damage to property.

A

Geotechnical Engineering

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4
Q

It is the basic science that is concerned with the study of the history of the Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the changes that it has undergone or is undergoing.

A

Geology

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5
Q

It is the science of rocks and earth processes.

A

Geology

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6
Q

It deals with the application of geologic fundamentals to engineering.

A

Engineering Geology

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7
Q

True or False. An example of the application of engineering geology is the mapping of active seismic faults that are to be avoided when making plans for human habitat development, roadway construction, or power plant construction.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False. Understanding various geological formations and rock types does not provide geotechnical engineers the knowledge necessary in assessing the sustainability of a site for human activities.

A

False

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9
Q

These are formed from rocks as it is acted upon by physical, chemical, and biological forces.

A

Soils

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10
Q

The extent to which a parent rock changes to soil is a _________________________________________.

A

a function of the rate and overall time of the prevailing reactions and processes.

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11
Q

From an engineering viewpoint, it is any earthly material that can be removed with a spade, shovel, or bulldozer and is the product of natural weathering.

A

Soil

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12
Q

From an __________ viewpoint, the soil is any earthly material that can be removed with a spade, shovel, or bulldozer and is the product of natural weathering.

A

engineering

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13
Q

From an engineering viewpoint, the soil includes ________ and ___________.

A

gravel and sand deposits

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14
Q

From a geological viewpoint, it may be considered as the superficial unconsolidated mantle of disintegrated and decomposed rock material.

A

Soil

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15
Q

From a ____________ viewpoint, the soil may be considered as the superficial unconsolidated mantle of disintegrated and decomposed rock material.

A

geological

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16
Q

From a pedological (soil science) viewpoint, it is the weathered transformation product of the outermost layer of the solid crust, differentiated into horizons varying in type and amounts of mineral and organic constituents, usually unconsolidated and of various depths.

A

soil

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17
Q

From a __________ viewpoint, the soil is the weathered transformation product of the outermost layer of the solid crust, differentiated into horizons varying in type and amounts of mineral and organic constituents, usually unconsolidated and of various depths.

A

pedological (soil science)

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18
Q

It serves as the parent material for natural soil formation.

A

Rock

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19
Q

They are used as ground foundation support and the crushed rock fragments are used as major construction materials.

A

Rocks

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20
Q

What are the uses of rocks in construction?

A

a. ground foundation support
b. crushed rock fragments as major construction materials

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21
Q

Rock classification may be made on the basis of:

A

a. geological origin and genesis,
b. rock mass strength, and
c. weathering and environmental factors

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22
Q

It is the most common rock classification system.

A

classification of rock based on its geological origin and genesis

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23
Q

Three classifications of rocks based on geological origin or genesis.

A

a. igneous rocks
b. metamorphic rocks
c. sedimentary rocks

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24
Q

These are rocks that have solidified from a molten or partly molten siliceous solution.

A

Igneous rocks

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25
Q

The molten solution is called _______.

A

magma

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26
Q

When magma cools and solidifies in direct contact with the atmosphere it is referred to as _________ while cooling in the subsurface leads to an ___________ formation

A

Extrusive and Intrusive

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27
Q

True of False. When magma cools and solidifies in direct contact with the atmosphere it is referred to as intrusive while cooling in the subsurface leads to an extrusive formation.

A

False

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28
Q

These rocks are naturally consolidated or unconsolidated transported materials.

A

Sedimentary rocks

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29
Q

These rocks form as a result of subjecting igneous or sedimentary rocks to elevated temperatures and pressures.

A

Metamorphic rocks

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30
Q

Igneous rocks comprise about ________ and metamorphic rocks about ________ of the terrestrial and sub-oceanic earth crust, leaving about ____ for the sedimentary rocks.

A

80%, 15%, and 5%

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31
Q

Give common rock examples.

A

a. granite and basalt (igneous)
b. sandstone and limestone (sedimentary)
c. schist and gneiss (metamorphic)

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32
Q

Granite and Basalt are __________ rocks.

A

igneous

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33
Q

Sandstone and Limestone are _______ rocks.

A

sedimentary

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34
Q

Schist and gneiss are ________ rocks.

A

metamorphic

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35
Q

It is the study of the ways in which rocks or sediments are arranged and deformed on the earth, and it involves all three rock types.

A

Structural Geology

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36
Q

These rocks are deposited in horizontal layers.

A

Sedimentary rocks

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37
Q

Any rock unit that is recognizable and mappable in the field.

A

formation

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38
Q

True or False. Formations can include different rock types ( so long as the entire package cannot be distinguished from adjacent formations).

A

False

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39
Q

True of False. Sometimes formations are further subdivided into members.

A

True

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40
Q

These are the boundaries between formations.

A

contacts

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41
Q

Contacts can be ________, _________, and __________.

A

depositional, erosional, and structural

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42
Q

This is the two-dimensional view of rock distribution.

A

map view

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43
Q

It is a view of a vertical slice of the earth like you might see at a road cut or a stream cut.

A

Geologic cross-section

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44
Q

It is a combination of those two representations and gives a 3-d view of formations and contacts.

A

Block diagram

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45
Q

It looks like a block and shows a map view on top, and a cross-sectional view on each of its visible sides.

A

Block diagram

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46
Q

It can reveal details of a structure not visible in map view, such as cross-bedding.

A

Cross-sectional view

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47
Q

True or False. Geological structures, such as folds, faults, joints, and unconformities, encountered in geology are regularly encountered in civil engineering work.

A

True

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48
Q

These are defined as wavy undulations developed in the rocks of the Earth’s crust due to horizontal compression resulting from gradual cooling of the Earth’s crust, lateral deflection, and intrusion of magma in the upper strata.

A

folds

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49
Q

These are the rocks that are bent around an imaginary line.

A

fold axis

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50
Q

True or False. All geological folds have such a fold axis.

A

True

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51
Q

It is where the continuity of the rock mass breaks.

A

Fracture

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52
Q

These are fractures in crustal strata along which appreciable shear displacement of the adjacent rock blocks have occurred relative to each other, probably due to tectonic activities.

A

Faults

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53
Q

This is the fracture along which the shear displacement has taken place.

A

fault plane

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54
Q

True or False. The term ‘fault’ includes both the fault plane and the displacement that has occurred along it.

A

True

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55
Q

It is a fracture where little or no movement has taken place.

A

joint

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56
Q

The most common form of discontinuity encountered.

A

joint

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57
Q

These ______ can occur in several sets and are approximately parallel within specific sets of series of discontinuities that have the same geologic origin, orientation, spacing, and mechanical characteristics.

A

discontinuities

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58
Q

The discontinuities make the rock mass ________.

A

anisotropic

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59
Q

It is a material whose physical, and mechanical properties, etc., are not all the same in each direction.

A

Anisotropic

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60
Q

It is the surface or plane of separation between two series of rock beds or geological formations that belong to two different geologic ages and they are in, most cases, different in their geologic structure.

A

Plane of unconformity or unconformity

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61
Q

It constitutes the line of unconformity in the geological map.

A

intersection of the plane of unconformity with the ground surface/topography

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62
Q

It occurs when there is the erosion of a layer or layers of deposited rock followed by the deposition of new sedimentary rock on top.

A

unconformity

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63
Q

It is called _________ because the ages of the layers of the rock that are abutting each other are discontinuous at the ________.

A

unconformity

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64
Q

The expected age of layer or layers of rock is/are missing due to _________ and ________________.

A

erosion and some period in geologic time is not represented

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65
Q

Enumerate the three types of unconformities.

A

a. Discomformity
b. Angular unconformity
c. Nonconformity

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66
Q

Sedimentary layers are deposited over eroded horizontal sedimentary layers.

A

Disconformity

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67
Q

Sedimentary layers are deposited over an eroded angular (tilted or folded) rock.

A

Angular unconformity

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68
Q

Sedimentary layers are deposited over eroded igneous or metamorphic rock.

A

Nonconformity

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69
Q

It is a branch of mechanics that studies the mechanical properties of various types of soil and its strength at different moisture-content levels.

A

Soil mechanics

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70
Q

It provides the scientific base upon which design formulas and codes are developed for everyday engineering design practice.

A

Soil mechanics

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71
Q

Who is the father of Modern Soil Mechanics?

A

Karl von Terzaghi

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72
Q

The title of the writing of Karl von Terzgahi.

A

The Influence of Modern Soil Studies on the Design and Construction of Foundations

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73
Q

The Influence of Modern Soil Studies on the Design and Construction of Foundations was written on _______.

A

1951

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74
Q

According to Karl von Terzaghi, foundations can appropriately be described as a necessary _______.

A

evil

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75
Q

True or False. Architects or Engineers who do not wish to make use of the growing knowledge of foundation design are not rendering true service to their profession.

A

True

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76
Q

True or False. Since substructures are not as important as superstructures, persons who are well-qualified in the design of substructures should not always be consulted.

A

False

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77
Q

True or False. The old proverb ‘stitch in time saves nine’ should always be kept in mind.

A

True

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78
Q

It is not a coherent solid material like steel and concrete but it is a particulate material.

A

Soil

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79
Q

True or False. Soil mass is generally a three-phase system. It consists of solid particles, liquid, and gas.

A

True

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80
Q

The phase system may be expressed in SI units either in terms of _________ or ___________.

A

mass-volume or weight-volume relationships

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81
Q

Why are the interrelationships of the different phases are important?

A

They help to define the condition or the physical make-up of the soil.

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82
Q

As the relative proportions of the three phases vary in soil deposit, it is useful to consider a __________ which will represent these phases distinctly and properly quantify the amount of each phase.

A

Soil model

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83
Q

A schematic diagram of the three-phase system is shown in terms of?

A

weight and volume symbols respectively for solids, water, and air

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84
Q

True or False. In a schematic diagram of the three-phase system, the weight of the air can be neglected.

A

True

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85
Q

The void ratios of natural sand deposits depend upon what?

A

a. shape of the grains
b. uniformity of grain size
c. conditions of sedimentation

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86
Q

The void ratios of clay soils range from ________.

A

less than unity to 5 or more

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87
Q

True or False. The soils with higher void ratios have a loose structure and generally belong to the montmorillonite group.

A

True

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88
Q

The soils with higher void ratios generally belong to the ____________.

A

montmorillonite group

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89
Q

A material is ___________ if it contains continuous voids.

A

permeable

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90
Q

True or False. All materials such as rocks, concrete, soils, etc. are permeable.

A

True

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91
Q

It has a decisive effect on the stability of the foundations, seepage loss through embankments of reservoirs, drainage of subgrades, excavation of open cuts in water-bearing sand, rate of flow of water into wells, and many others.

A

Permeability of soils

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92
Q

It is simply a contour of constant.

A

Equipotential line

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93
Q

The interaction between soils and percolating water has an important influence on:

A
  1. the design of foundations and earth slopes
  2. the quantity of water that will be lost by percolation through a dam or its subsoil
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94
Q

True or False. Foundation failures due to ‘piping’ are quite rare.

A

False

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95
Q

It is a phenomenon by which the soil on the downstream sides of some hydraulic structures gets lifted up due to excess pressure of water.

A

Piping

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96
Q

It is the pressure that is exerted on the soil due to the seepage of water.

A

Seepage force or pressure

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97
Q

The pressure transmitted from grain to grain at the contact points through soil is mass.

A

intergranular or effective pressure

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98
Q

It is responsible for the decrease in the void ratio or increase in the frictional resistance of a soil mass.

A

intergranular or effective pressure

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99
Q

If the pores of a soil mass are filled with water and if pressure is induced into the pore water, tries to separate the grains, the pressure is termed as ________.

A

pore water pressure or neutral stress

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100
Q

The effect of pore water pressure or neutral stress on the soil.

A

to increase the volume or decrease the frictional resistance of the soil mass.

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101
Q

Constant ratios exist between stresses and strains.

A

Elastic theory

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102
Q

When a load is applied to the soil surface, it increases the _________ within the soil.

A

vertical stresses

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103
Q

True or False. The increased stresses are greatest directly under the loaded area but extend indefinitely in all directions.

A

True

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104
Q

Enumerate the two formulas widely used in computing stresses in soils.

A

Boussinesq and Westergaard formulas

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105
Q

The extent of the elastic layer below the surface loadings may be any one of the following:

A
  1. Infinite in the vertical and horizontal directions
  2. Limited thickness in the vertical direction underlain with a rough rigid base such as a rocky bed.
106
Q

The loads at the surface may act on ________ or _________.

A

flexible or rigid footing

107
Q

The stress conditions in the elastic layer below vary according to the __________________________.

A

rigidity of the footings and the thickness of the elastic layer

108
Q

They transfer loads to the subsoil through the foundation.

A

Structure

109
Q

True or False. The effects of the loads are felt by the soil normally up to a depth of about four to five times the width of the foundation.

A

False

110
Q

The soil within this depth gets _________ due to imposed weight.

A

compressed

111
Q

The compression of the soil mass leads to?

A

to the decrease in the volume of the mass which result in the settlement of the structure

112
Q

How can the displacements that develop at any given boundary of the soil mass be determined?

A

by summing up the displacements of small elements of the mass resulting from the strains by a change in the stress system

113
Q

It is due to imposed stresses that may be almost immediate or time-dependent according to the permeability characteristics of the soil.

A

Compression of the soil

114
Q

These soils which are highly permeable are compressed in a relatively short period of time.

A

Cohesionless soils

115
Q

These soils are less permeable.

A

cohesive soils

116
Q

The compressibility characteristics of a soil mass might be due to any or a combination of the following factors:

A
  1. Compression of the solid matter
  2. Compression of water and air within the voids
  3. Escape of water and air from the voids
117
Q

True or False. When a saturated clay-water system is subjected to external pressure, the pressure applied is initially taken by the water in the pores resulting thereby in an excess pore water pressure.

A

True

118
Q

If ________ is permitted, the resulting hydraulic gradients initiate a flow of water out of the clay mass and the mass begins to compress.

A

drainage

119
Q

A portion of the applied stress is transferred to the ________, which in turn causes a reduction in the excess pore pressure.

A

soil skeleton

120
Q

This process involves a gradual compression occurring simultaneously with a flow of water out of the mass and with a gradual transfer of the applied pressure from the pore water to the mineral skeleton.

A

consolidation

121
Q

The process opposite to consolidation is called _______.

A

Swelling

122
Q

It involves an increase in the water content due to an increase in the volume of the voids.

A

Swelling

123
Q

It is the ability to resist sliding along internal surfaces within a mass.

A

shear strength

124
Q

They depend upon the shearing resistance offered by the soil along the probable surfaces of slippage.

A

a. stability of a cut
b. the slope of an earth dam
c. the foundation of structures
d. the natural slopes of hillsides

125
Q

It depends on the strength and compressibility of the subsoil.

A

Stability of structures

126
Q

The stability of Structures depends on the?

A

strength and compressibility of the subsoil

127
Q

Field and laboratory investigations are required to obtain the essential information on the subsoil.

A

Soil Exploration or Soil Investigation

128
Q

It is one of the most important parts of Foundation Engineering and at the same time the most neglected part of it.

A

Soil Exploration

129
Q

The success or failure of a foundation depends essentially on the __________________________________________________.

A

reliability of the various soil parameters obtained from the field investigation and laboratory testing and used as an input into the design of foundations.

130
Q

True or False. Sophisticated theories alone will give a safe and sound design.

A

False

131
Q

It is a must in the present age for the design of foundations of any project.

A

Soil exploration

132
Q

True or False. The extent of the exploration depends upon the magnitude and importance of the project.

A

True

133
Q

Enumerate the two types of slope

A
  1. Natural slopes
  2. Manmade slopes
134
Q

These are slopes that exist in nature and are formed by natural causes.

A

Natural slopes

135
Q

The slopes whether natural or artificial maybe

A
  1. infinite slopes
  2. finite slopes
136
Q

It is used to designate a constant slope of infinite extent.

A

infinite slope

137
Q

Give an example of the infinite slope.

A

long slope face of a mountain

138
Q

True or False. The slope length depends on the height of the dam or embankment.

A

True

139
Q

It is an extremely important consideration in the design and construction of earth dams.

A

Slope stability

140
Q

The important factors that cause instability in a slope and lead to failure are:

A
  1. Gravitational force
  2. Force due to seepage of water
  3. Erosion of the surface of slopes due to flowing water
  4. The sudden lowering of water adjacent to a slope
  5. Forces due to earthquakes
141
Q

What is the effect of all the causes of the failure of slopes?

A

movement of soil from high points to low points

142
Q

True or False. The most important of such forces is the component of gravity that acts in the direction of probable motion.

A

True

143
Q

True or False. The various effects of flowing or seeping water are generally recognized as very important in stability problems, but often these effects have been properly identified.

A

False

144
Q

It is caused by the removal of a certain weight of soil and may thus lead to increased stability as far as mass movement is concerned.

A

Erosion

145
Q

True or False. Erosion in the form of undercutting at the toe may increase the height of the slope, or decrease the length of the incipient failure surface, thus increasing the stability.

A

False

146
Q

These are structures that are built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or any other material.

A

Retaining walls

147
Q

They may be constructed of masonry or sheet piles.

A

Retaining walls

148
Q

Retaining walls may be constructed of ________ and ________.

A

masonry and sheet piles

149
Q

True or False. Retaining walls may retain water also.

A

True

150
Q

Enumerate the principal type of retaining walls.

A

a. Gravity walls
b. Semi-gravity walls
c. Cantilever walls
d. Counterfort walls
e. Buttressed walls

151
Q

Enumerate the use of retaining wall

A

a. embankment
b. cut
c. a bridge abutment
d. water storage

152
Q

True or False. Whatever may be the type of wall, all the retaining walls have to withstand lateral pressures either from earth or an other material on their faces.

A

True

153
Q

It resists movement because of its heavy sections.

A

Gravity walls

154
Q

True or False. Gravity walls are built of mass concrete or stone or brick masonry. Reinforcements are required in these walls.

A

False

155
Q

These are walls that are not as heavy as gravity walls. A small amount of reinforcement is used for reducing the mass of the concrete.

A

Semi-gravity walls

156
Q

The stems of _________ walls are thinner in section.

A

Cantilever

157
Q

Cantilever walls are made of?

A

reinforced concrete

158
Q

These walls are similar to cantilever walls except that the stem of the walls spans horizontally between vertical brackets.

A

Counterfort walls

159
Q

They are provided on the backfill side.

A

Counterfort walls

160
Q

These walls are similar to counterfort walls except the brackets or buttress walls are provided on the opposite side of the backfill.

A

buttressed walls

161
Q

True or False. The backfill tries to move the wall from its position.

A

True

162
Q

True or False. Sheet pile walls are more flexible than other types.

A

True

163
Q

The earth materials that constitute relatively the thin outer shell, called the crust, of the Earth are arbitrarily categorized by civil engineers as _______ and _________.

A

soils and rocks

164
Q

Soils and rocks are made up of small crystalline units known as _________.

A

minerals

165
Q

It is basically a naturally occurring inorganic substance composed of one or more elements with a unique chemical composition, unique arrangement of elements (crystalline structure), and distinctive physical properties.

A

Minerals

166
Q

It is a hard, compact, and naturally occurring earth material composed of one or more minerals and is permanent and durable for engineering applications.

A

Rock

167
Q

Rocks generally require _________ and ________ for their excavation.

A

blasting and machinery

168
Q

True or False. Radiologists consider engineering soils as unconsolidated rock materials composed of one or more minerals.

A

False

169
Q

Rock is distinguished from the other essentially on the basis of its _____________.

A

mineralogical composition

170
Q

When do the properties of rock become relevant?

A

a. when it is used as the foundation of a high-rise building or a large dam
b. when one examines the stability of the slope of a mountain or a tunnel
c. subject of the study for the occurrence of earthquakes

171
Q

It is the subject concerned with the study of the response of rock to an applied disturbance caused by natural or engineering processes.

A

Rock Mechanics

172
Q

It deals with the engineering applications of the basic principles and the information available in the subjects of engineering geology and rock mechanics in an economic way.

A

Rock Engineering

173
Q

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering are closely concerned with several engineering disciplines such as?

A

civil, mining, petroleum, and geological engineering

174
Q

It applies to a large extent of rock, from several meters to a few kilometers, which can include many discontinuities of different forms.

A

rock mass

175
Q

True or False. The presence of discontinuities such as faults, joints, and bedding planes in the rock mass does not influence its engineering behavior.

A

False

176
Q

True or False. In rock mechanics and geology, we deal with discontinuities, which include bedding planes, faults, and joints or the orientation (or attitude) of a plane.

A

True

177
Q

True or False. It is very important to define the orientation of these planes without any ambiguity.

A

True

178
Q

Give some of the common terms associated with the orientation of a plane.

A

a. dip
b. dip direction
c. strike

179
Q

It is the steepest inclination of the plane to horizontal.

A

Dip or true dip

180
Q

It is the inclination of any arbitrary line on the plane to horizontal, which is always less than the true dip.

A

Apparent dip

181
Q

True or False. When marble is rolled down the plane, it follows the line of minimum inclination, defining the true dip.

A

False

182
Q

It is the trace (or intersection) of the dipping plane with the horizontal reference plane.

A

Strike

183
Q

It is the orientation of the horizontal line drawn on the dipping plane and it is perpendicular to the dip section.

A

Strike

184
Q

Dip direction can be in the range of?

A

0 - 360 degrees

185
Q

It is the direction of the horizontal trace (projection) of the line of dip, measured clockwise from the north.

A

Dip direction or Dip azimuth

186
Q

The dip direction is measured ___________.

A

clockwise from the north

187
Q

It is the angle of the inclined plane made with the horizontal, which is in the range of 0-90.

A

Dip

188
Q

The dip is in the range of ______.

A

0-90 degrees

189
Q

True or False. A horizontal plane has a dip of 90 degrees and a vertical plane has a dip of 0 degrees.

A

False

190
Q

It is a systematic method of presentation that enables some simple stability analyses in engineering applications to be carried out.

A

Spherical Presentation of Geological Data

191
Q

It is the interface between a superstructure and its supporting soil.

A

Foundation

192
Q

True or False. A common type of foundation for single-family homes consists of strip footings placed under load-bearing basement walls.

A

True

193
Q

True or False. Another common practice is to use a wooden slab to spread the weight of the building over the soil underneath.

A

false

194
Q

It is the study of different types of foundation and their proper applications.

A

Foundation Engineering

195
Q

It is the application and practice of the fundamental principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics in the design of foundations of various structures.

A

Foundation Engineering

196
Q

It involves the analysis and design of earth-retaining structures such as retaining walls, sheet-pile walls, and braced cuts.

A

Foundation Engineering

197
Q

True or False. Depending on the properties of the soil at a site, shallow or deep piles may be deployed.

A

True

198
Q

The construction of a bridge over water may require the use of ____________ on which piers are constructed.

A

deep caissons

199
Q

True or False. It is customary practice to regard a foundation as shallow if the depth of the foundation is greater than or equal to the width of the foundation.

A

False

200
Q

Enumerate the different types of footing.

A

a. plain concrete foundation
b. stepped reinforced concrete foundation
c. reinforced concrete rectangular foundation
d. reinforced concrete wall foundation

201
Q

The stability of a structure depends upon the stability of the supporting soil. Two important factors that are to be considered are:

A
  1. The foundation must be stable against shear failure of the supporting soil.
  2. The foundation must not settle beyond a tolerable limit to avoid damage to the structure.
202
Q

True or False. The theories based on shear failure criteria indicate the settlement that a footing may undergo uder the ultimate loading conditions.

A

False

203
Q

How can the allowable bearing pressure be obtained?

A

by applying a suitable factor of safety to the ultimate value

204
Q

When we design a foundation, we must see that the structure is safe on two counts. They are

A
  1. The supporting soil should be safe from shear failure due to the loads imposed on it by the superstructure
  2. The settlement of the foundation should be within permissible limits
205
Q

Enumerate the two types of bearing pressures.

A
  1. A pressure that is safe from shear failure criteria (allowable bearing pressure)
  2. A pressure that is safe from settlement criteria (safe bearing pressure)
206
Q

True or False. If the structure, as a whole, settles uniformly into the ground there will be detrimental effects on the structure as such.

A

False

207
Q

Uniform settlement is possible only if the ___________________________________________

A

subsoil is homogenous and the load distribution is uniform

208
Q

It is considered the common method of transmitting loads to subsoil through spread footings carrying single-column loads.

A

Shallow Foundation I

209
Q

Enumerate the types of foundations

A
  1. Cantilever footings
  2. Combined footings
  3. Mat foundations
210
Q

True or False. When a column is near or right next to a property limit, a square or rectangular footing concentrically loaded under the column would extend into the adjoining property.

A

True

211
Q

True or False. If the adjoining property is a public sidewalk or alley, local building codes may not permit such footings to project into public property.

A

False

212
Q

True or False. When the adjoining property is privately owned, the footing must be constructed within the property.

A

True

213
Q

Enumerate the three alternatives when the adjoining property is privately owned.

A
  1. Cantilever footing
  2. Combined footing
  3. Mat or Raft Foundation
214
Q

It normally comprises two footings connected by a beam called a strap.

A

Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing

215
Q

It is a special case of a combined footing.

A

Combined footing

216
Q

It is a long footing supporting two or more columns in one row.

A

Combined footing

217
Q

It is a large footing, usually supporting several columns in two or more rows.

A

Mat or Raft Foundations

218
Q

True or False. In the majority of cases, mat foundations are normally used where the soil has high bearing capacity and where the total area occupied by an individual footing is not less than 50% of the loaded area of the building.

A

False

219
Q

They are normally used where the soil close to the ground surface and up to the zone of significant stress possesses sufficient bearing strength to carry the superstructure load without causing distress to the superstructure due to settlement.

A

Shallow foundation

220
Q

True or False. Where the topsoil is either loose or soft or of a swelling type the load from the structure has to be transferred to deeper firm strata.

A

True

221
Q

When the topsoil is either loose or soft or of a swelling type, the load from the structure has to be transferred to ______________.

A

deeper firm strata

222
Q

The structural loads may be transferred to deeper firm strata by means of __________.

A

piles

223
Q

They are long slender columns either driven, bored or cast-in-situ.

A

Piles

224
Q

They are made of a variety of materials such as concrete, steel, timber, etc.

A

Driven piles

225
Q

They are concrete piles.

A

cast-in-situ piles

226
Q

True or False. Piles may be subjected to vertical or lateral loads or a combination of horizontal and lateral loads.

A

False

227
Q

If the diameter of a bored-cast-in-situ pile is greater than about 0.75 m, it is sometimes called ________, __________, or __________.

A

drilled pier, drilled caisson, or drilled shaft

228
Q

The distinction made between a small diameter bored cast-in-situ pile (less than 0.75 m) and a larger one is just _____________.

A

for the sake of design considerations

229
Q

According to the method of construction, there are three types of piles. Enumerate

A
  1. Driven piles
  2. Cast-in-situ piles
  3. Driven and cast-in-situ piles
230
Q

When the soil of low bearing capacity extends to a considerable depth, they are generally used to transmit vertical and lateral loads to the surrounding soil media.

A

piles

231
Q

True or False. Piles that are used under tall chimneys, television towers, high-rise buildings, high retaining walls, offshore structures, etc. are normally subjected to low lateral loads.

A

False

232
Q

Piles or pile groups should resist ________ and ________ movements.

A

vertical and lateral

233
Q

Give the requirements for a satisfactory foundation.

A
  1. the vertical settlement or the horizontal movement should not exceed an acceptable maximum value
  2. there must not be failure by yield of the surrounding soil or the pile material
234
Q

They are used in foundations to take normally vertical loads and small lateral loads.

A

Vertical piles

235
Q

They are used in combination with vertical piles when the horizontal load per pile exceeds the value suitable for vertical piles.

A

Batter piles

236
Q

Other names for batter piles.

A

inclined piles or raker piles

237
Q

It is the angle made by the pile with the vertical, which may be up to 30 degrees.

A

Degree of batter

238
Q

It is called _______ if the lateral load acts on the pile in the direction of the batter.

A

in-batter or negative batter pile

239
Q

It is called _______ if the lateral load acts in the direction opposite to that of the batter.

A

out-batter or positive batter

240
Q

True or False. Because piers and piles serve the same purpose, sharp deviations can be made between the two.

A

False

241
Q

The distinctions of piers and piles are based on the ________________.

A

method of installation

242
Q

It is a pile, ___________, with a diameter less than 0.75m (or 2.5 ft) is sometimes called a small diameter pile.

A

cast-in-situ

243
Q

It is a pile, cast-in-situ, with a diameter less than 0.75m (or 2.5 ft) is sometimes called a ____________________.

A

small diameter pile

244
Q

A pile greater than 0.75m is called __________________.

A

large diameter bored-cast-in-situ pile

245
Q

Other names of large diameter bored piles.

A

drilled piers, drilled shafts and drilled caissons

246
Q

True or False. All four types of drilled piers are similar in construction technique but differ in their design assumptions and in the mechanism of load consumption to the surrounding earth mass.

A

False

247
Q

They develop their support from end-bearing on strong soil, “hardpan” or rock.

A

Straight-shaft end-bearing piers

248
Q

True or False. The overlying soil in straight-shaft end-bearing piers is assumed to contribute nothing to the support of the load imposed on the pier.

A

True

249
Q

They pass through overburdened soils that are assumed to carry none of the load and penetrate far enough into an assigned bearing stratum to develop design load capacity by side wall friction between the pier and bearing stratum.

A

Straight-shaft side wall friction piers

250
Q

They are of the same construction, but with both side wall friction and end, bearing assigned a role in carrying the design load.

A

Combination of straight-shaft side wall friction and end bearing piers

251
Q

When carried into rock, the combination of straight-shaft side wall friction and end-bearing piers may be referred to as a ______________ or ___________________________.

A

socketed pier or a drilled pier with a rock socket

252
Q

When carried into rock, this pier may be referred to as a socketed pier or a drilled pier with a rock socket.

A

combination of straight-shaft side wall friction and end-bearing piers

253
Q

These are piers with a bottom bell or under ream.

A

Belled or under-reamed piers

254
Q

True or False. In belled or under-reamed piers, a greater percentage of the imposed load on the pier top is assumed to be carried by the base.

A

True

255
Q

What is the general practice when the soil close to the ground surface possesses sufficient bearing capacity?

A

to use shallow foundations for the foundations of the building and other such structures

256
Q

When the topsoil is either loose or soft, the load from the superstructure has to be ______________.

A

transferred to deeper firm strata

257
Q

These are the obvious choices when the topsoil is either loos or soft and the load from the superstructure has to be transferred to deeper firm strata.

A

pile or pier foundations

258
Q

Give some techniques that can be used to improve soil properties.

A
  1. The use of replacement material through excavation
  2. The injection of special material (grouts) into the original soil
  3. Placing geosynthetic fabrics or textiles in horizontal layers
  4. soil improvement
259
Q

It is proven to be more economical than deep foundations or where the alternate method may become inevitable due to certain sites and other environmental conditions.

A

Soil improvement

260
Q

It is frequently termed soil stabilization, which in its broadest sense is an alteration of any property of a soil to improve its engineering performance.

A

Soil improvement

261
Q

Enumerate the uses of soil improvement.

A
  1. increases shear strength
  2. reduces permeability
  3. reduces compressibility
262
Q

The methods of soil improvement considered in this topic are:

A
  1. Mechanical compaction
  2. Dynamic compaction
  3. Vibroflotation
  4. Preloading
  5. Sand and stone columns
  6. Use of admixtures
  7. Injection of suitable grouts
  8. Use of geotextiles

Civil Engineering Orientation by Renz Magtalas (8 decks)

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