Module 1 Flashcards
It is the oldest engineering discipline.
Civil Engineering
It deals with providing people with a livable built environment consistent with the standards and expectations of modern living through the application of mathematics, science, and human experience.
Civil Engineering
What were the first engineers?
irragators, architects, and military engineers
When did the humans begin to abandon the nomadic way of life , where the need for water, permanent shelter, religious monuments, burial sites and fortification emerged?
Around 4000 B.C.
What were the first challenges imposed on ancient civil engineers?
Irrigation of rivers to land, ruler’s desire for larger houses, and protection of growing wealth of early settlements
What are the seven most magnificent engineering feats according to Greek writers around 100 B.C.
- Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Mesopotamia
- Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece
- Temple of Artemis and Ephesus, Modern Turkey
- Tomb of King Mausolos of Karia at Halikarnassos, Greece
- Colossus of Rhodes, Mediterranean
- Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
What is the meaning of Mesopotamia in Greek?
“land between the rivers”
In Southern Mesopotamia, around 5 000 and 6000 years ago , they built city walls and temples and dug canals that comprised the world’s first civil engineering. Who are they?
Sumerians
What did the Sumerians do in Southern Mesopotamia that comprised the world’s first civil engineering?
built city walls and temples and dug canals
What are the locally available materials in the ancient world?
clay, stone, and wood
It is an “arch” that requires no falsework or shoring. Stones are layered in courses, overhanging each previous course until the two sides meet in the middle.
Corbel
A system of vertical columns crossed by horizontal beams.
Post and Lintel
Other term for post and lintel
Horizontal and Vertical Columns
It is a type of triangulated stiff framework made from straight struts and ties.
Truss
It is like a corbel but it has more curve in its upper part.
Arch and vault
What kind of devices did the Mesopotamia usually use?
arch and vault or corbel
They prefer to use corbel or arch and vault because they were abundant in clay.
Mesopotamia
These were the civilization that favored post and lintel construction.
Egypt, Greece, and China
What country usually uses truss in construction in ancient period due to abundance of wood?
Europe
Three factors were the underpinning or foundation of the success of ancient civil engineers.
- Intensive and careful use of existing principles and tools, such as the water level and astronomical observation.
- Unlimited labor and the power to organize and command it.
- A different perspective of time
What does the term “medieval” mean?
between ages
Medieval is used to describe _____________________.
the time in Western Europe between the end of the Roman Era and the beginning of Renaissance in the 15th century
When was the fall of Roman Empire?
476
In this period, literacy almost vanished, science became superstition, and engineering deteriorated to rule of thumb craftmanship. What period is it?
Medieval Period
Who led the revolution that took place in Arabia in 7th century?
Muhammad ibn-Abdallah
It is the intellectual center of the Mediterranean-facing world.
Middle East
It was a distinctly Muslim style of building that used domes and arches.
Mosque
It is a tall, slender tower from which the public are called to pray and are made by Muslims.
Minaret
What do you call the period of time, between 6th to 10th centuries, in Europe in which architecture and engineering stopped being recognized as professions?
Dark Ages
Who carried out the design and construction in the Dark Ages and easily rise to become master builder?
artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters
Churches in Western Europe were constructed in what style? These were plain, massive stone building with small windows and many round arches
Romanesque
In what period was the conflicts between monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islams, and schisms are everyday reality
12th and 13th century
In this period engineering began to regain some of the ground lost after the fall of Rome. Scholars begin to ponder the nature of motion, force, and gravity; and Medieval builders made advances in structural forms.
12th to 13th century
The most significant engineering achievement in Medieval times was the development of ________.
Gothic Cathedral
What does “Gothic” means in Italy? Why?
“barbarous” due to the name of one of the early invading ethnic
These were characterized by soaring vaulted interiors and large stained-glass windows.
Gothic Cathedral
The structure of Gothic Cathedral was a skeleton, represented by ________ and ________.
piers and flying buttresses
True or False. The walls of Gothic Cathedrals were used to as a structural support, not as to keep the weather.
False
Lacking scientific principle, Medieval builders relied on _________.
Trial and error
This the tallest Gothic Cathedral with a ceiling of 154 ft that collapsed twice.
Beauvais Cathedral
What is the noteworthy building type of Medieval period?
Fortified castle
Fortified castles were encouraged due to _________.
feudal warfares
What is one of the best preserved European style castles that was built in modern–day Syria for the Knights Hospitallers of St. John in the 12th Century?
Krak des Chevaliers
Krak des Chevaliers was built in ________ for ___________________.
modern-day Syria, for the Knights Hospitallers of St. John in 12th century
What is the finest Medieval Muslim palace remaining today and where is it located?
Alhambra in Granada, Spain
Who put forward-looking ideas about locks into practice and when?
Bertola de Novate in 1450s
What is the title of the book of L. Sprague de Camp about ancient civil engineers?
The Ancient Engineers
Who is the author of the book entitled “The Ancient Engineers”?
L. Sprague de Camp
What do you call the river around Mesopotamia?
Tigris and Euphrates
What do you call the river in Egypt?
Nile River
What do you call the river in India?
Indus
What do you call the river in China?
Hwang-ho
What does the term “renaissance” mean?
rebirth
It means “rebirth,” what is it?
Renaissance
It is the period in 15th century through 16th century in Western Europe.
Renaissance Period
It refers to the revival of learning that took place between 15th century and 16th century in Western Europe.
Renaissance Period
In this period, study of classical antiquity, the writing and architecture of Greece and Rome became vogue.
Renaissance
In this period, the reformation, world exploration, the downfall of the old astronomy that put Earth at the center of the universe, and the creation of the first patent systems for encouraging innovation took place.
Renaissance
Engineering and architecture, in this age, grew again to be respected, famous, and sometime well-paid.
Renaissance
He mastered perspective drawing and completed and won the commission to build the famous dome on Florence’s Cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore.
Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi
What did Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi build after winnning its commission?
Florence’s Cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore
When did Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi first compete for the award for building the Santa Maria del Fiore?
1407
When did Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi receive the order to build Santa Maria del Fiore?
1419
When did Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi finish the task of building Santa Maria del Fiore?
1436
Give the height of the entire Santa Maria del Fiore, the height and diameter of its dome.
the entire cathedral is 351 ft high, the dome is 105 ft high and has a 143 ft diameter
What is the patent given to Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi?
canal boats fitted with cranes capable of moving heavy cargo
Who gave the first known patent to Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi?
City of Florence
Who received the first known patent?
Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi
What are the two careers of Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi?
civil and military engineer
Who wrote a book in Latin on rules of thumb for the proportions of structures?
Leon Battista Alberti
What were the professions of Leon Battista Alberti?
An Italian engineer, architect, painter, philosopher, musician, and poet
When was the book of Leon Battista Alberti published?
1452
Who perfected the bridge truss in the 1580s and wrote a book about that subject and others in I quattro libri dell’ architectura” (The Four Books of Architecture)?
Palladio
In what languages the book of Leon Battista Alberti was translated?
Italian, French, Spanish, and English
He published a book that surveyed military engineering in 1472.
Roberto Valturio
When did Roberto Valturio publish his book about surveying military engineering?
1472
It means “The Four Books of Architecture” in English.
I quattro libri dell’ architectura
When was the Spanish Inquisition?
starting 15th century and lasting for a hundred years
When was the Counter-Reformation?
16th to mid-17th century
When was the Age of Enlightenment?
18th century
In this age, enlightened Europe had a strong appetite to for attack on the church, and the church began to lose power to nations; the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, France, Spain, and Naples.
Age of Enlightenment
At this age, the transition from an agrarian, handcraft-based economy to a machine-dominated economy was underway.
Industrial Revolution
Who was the first person to be credited with being the first person to call himself a civil engineer and when?
John Smeaton in 1768
He identified a new and distinct profession that encompassed all nonmilitary engineering.
John Smeaton
What did John Smeaton establish in 1771?
Society of Civil Engineers (now known as Smeatonian Society)
What was the objective of John Smeaton?
to bring engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large public works
What new materials did the Industrial Revolution bring?
Cast and wrought iron
Who designed the Iron Bridge?
Thomas Farnolls Pritchard
It is an outstanding monument to both civil engineers and the industrial revolution.
Iron Bridge
When was the Iron Bridge first opened for traffic over the River Severn in Coalbrookdale, Shopshire, England?
1779
Iron Bridge was cast in the local foundries by a man named _________.
Abraham Darby III
Who was the first to use less expensive iron, rather than brass, to cast strong thin pots for the poor?
Abraham Darby
When did Abraham Darby III begin erecting 378 tons of cast iron to build the Iron Bridge, which spans 100ft?
1777
When did the first public railroad open?
1825
Who used cast iron in many innovative bridge designs after being fascinated by the Iron Bridge and is also the first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)?
Scott Thomas Telford
Who designed the first tunnel under the River Thames for the new underground rail system in London?
Marc Brunnel and his son, Isambard Kingdom Brunnel
Who owned the Great Western Railroad?
Isambard Kingdom Brunnel
This design of Brunnel in London resulted in flexible covered space without columns.
Design of Paddington Station (1849-1854)
What are the institutions that helped the development of civil engineering and architects as a profession?
Institution of Civil Engineering (ICE) - launched 1818
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) - launched 1834
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) - launched 1852
American Institute of Architects (AIA) - launched 1857
When was the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) launched?
1818
When was the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) launched?
1834
When was the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) launched?
1852
When was the American Institute of Architects (AIA) launched?
1857
It was a 41-mile (66-kilometer) water distribution system constructed for New York City between 1837 and 1842. It brought water from the Croton River into a reservoir in Manhattan.
Croton Aqueduct
Who design and built the Croton Aqueduct after the plan was abandoned for two years and when did the construction begin?
John Bloomfield Jervis in 1837
What bridge did Scott Thomas Telford construct using cast iron?
Suspension Bridge over Menai Straight in Wales
What is the first suspension bridge made of steel cables?
Brooklyn Bridge
Who designed the Brooklyn Bridge?
John Roebling
It stretches 5, 989 ft over the East River and connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn.
Brooklyn Bridge
At the time of its completion, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world.
Brooklyn Bridge
It was a large cable-stayed road bridge spanning the valley of the River Tarn in Southern France and was completed in 2004.
Millau Viaduct
It is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world.
Millau Viaduct
Who designed the Millau Viaduct?
Structural Engineer Michel Virlogeux and British Architect Norman Foster
What award did the Millau Viaduct win in 2006?
2006 International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) Outstanding Structure Award
What is the world’s tallest building before the construction of Burj Khalifa?
Taipei 101
When was Taipei 101 completed?
2005
Who designed Taipei 101?
C.Y. Lee & Partners
Who constructed Taipei 101?
Samsung Engineering & Construction
What did Taipei 101 use to counteract the building’s movement, reducing sway by 30% to 40%?
TMD or steel-tuned mass damper
Who holds the record for the world’s tallest building since 2010?
Burj Khalifa
Former name of Burj Khalifa
Burj Dubai
How high is the Burj Khalifa?
2,717 ft (828m)
Enumerate the collection of the world’s tallest man-made structures.
- Burj Khalifa
- Tokyo Skytree
- Shanghai Tower
- Abraj Al Bait
- Canton Tower
- CN Tower
- One World Trade Center
- Ostankino Tower
- Willis Tower
- Taipei 101
What did Marc Brunnel and Isambard Kingdom Brunnel built in London?
First tunnel under River Thames for the new underground rail system
When was the Croton aqueduct built under expertise of John Bloomfield Jervis?
1837 to 1842
What is the purpose of the walls of Gothic cathedrals?
for the weather
How high was the Beauvais Cathedral?
154 ft
When did Palladio perfected the construction of truss?
1580s
What is the purpose of Croton aqueduct?
to bring water from Croton River into reservoirs of Manhattan
When was the Millau Viaduct constructed?
2004
