Module 6 Flashcards
222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222It is the cement that binds together communities and their activities.
Transport
True or False. All made materials must be conveyed from the land to a place of manufacture or usage, and all goods must be moved from the factory to the marketplace and from the staff to the consumer.
False (made - raw)
Because of its pervasive nature, it occupies a central position in the fabric of a modern-day urbanized nation.
Transport
________________ of regional and national extent is composed of networks of interconnected facilities and services.
Transportation systems
It follows that nearly all transportation projects must be analyzed with due consideration for their position within a modal or intermodal network, and for their impacts on network performance.
Transportation System
True or False. The network context of a transportation project is usually very important.
True
Why are the solutions to transport problems can have major influences on people’s lives?
because of the pervasiveness of transport
Because of the pervasiveness of transport, _________ to transport problems can have major influences on people’s lives.
solutions
These influences are reflected in the constraints that society currently places on the development and evaluation of road proposals; that is, generally, they must be __________, ___________, _________, ___________, ___________, and ____________.
- analytically based
- economically sound
- socially credible
- environmentally sensitive
- politically acceptable
- inquiry proof
Meeting these needs have resulted in the development in relatively recent times of a new professional area, ____________.
transport engineering.
It deals with the efficient transport of people and goods.
Transportation engineering
True or False. The content of transportation engineering changes whenever a new mode of transportation becomes nonviable.
False (nonviable to viable)
It applies technological and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities for any mode of transport in order to provide for safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.
Transport Engineering
It is a branch of transport engineering that deals with the planning, geometric design, and traffic operation of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting land, and relationships with other modes of transport.
Traffic engineering
It is mostly government funded or at least government-approved.
Transportation Infrastructure
True or False. Before any physical facilities are designed and built for moving people and goods, decisions must be made from policy and political considerations.
True
Before any physical facilities are designed and built for moving people and goods, decisions must be made from __________________________.
policy and projected considerations
It considers policy formation processes, cost financing, and projected performance of potential transportation systems, including intermodal transportation that involves more than one mode of travel such as sea-land-air travel.
Transportation Planning
True or False. One cannot identify a mainstream approach to transportation planning and a second that is richer and more concerned with modern issues.
False (cannot - can)
This new emergent viewpoint in approaching transportation problems recognizes the presence of _________, ___________, and _________ that were neglected in the past for the sake of simplicity.
complexities, nonlinearities, and uncertainties
True or False. The government in most countries retains the power to regulate certain aspects of transport in private interest.
False (private-public)
True or False. The nature of policies to be assessed and the realization that interdependent systems need to be studied and modeled in their totality motivates building decision support systems that are decreasingly expanded to incorporate processes and ideas from other related fields.
False (increasingly - decreasingly)
Transportation involves three elements. These are?
vehicle, path, and terminal
Who built and maintain the path over which the vehicles travel (roads, airport runway, and railway track)?
civil engineer
The _________(bus stands, truck depots, railway stations, air terminals, docks and harbors) where the passengers and cardo are servides are
terminals
True or False. Historically, the government had a minor role in the promotion of transport.
False (minor - major)
They constructed roads, railways lines, docks and harbors, and airports, which facilitated the movement of goods and passengers.
government
Even today, in most countries, they retain the power to plan, fund, construct, and maintain the transport infrastructure.
government
Along with power and telecommunications, it is a vital infrastructure for the ovrall development of an economy.
Transport
Why did the great industrial revolution happen?
because it was possible to transport raw materials to the factories and the finished goods to the market
They contribute nearly 5-15 percent to a country’s economy.
Transport and Communications
Transportation and Communications contribute nearly ________ percent to a country’s economy.
5-15
True or False. Transport and Economy are not closely interrelated, the one depending on the other
False (remove not)
True or False. Transportation shapes, sustain, and enhances the economy of a country.
True
True or False. The rate at which the country’s economy grows closely determines the rate at which transport grows.
True
True or False. The rate of growth of transport is lower than the rate of growth of economy.
False. (lower - higher)
Most of the low-income and middle-income economies depend upon exploitation of natural resources and their export to sustain their economy. Saudi Arabia, rich in oil, is able to export oil because of a good system pipe lines and shipping.
Transportation of Exploited Natural Resources
_______________needed for the production of goods are spread over the world and country rather unevenly. These have to be processed and transformed into ________________, either at the place of their occurrence or at a distantly located industry, and the goods produced have to be transported to ____________.
raw materials, consumer goods, and consumer centers
Transport system give “space utility” to the goods, making it possible for transferring a commodity where its marginal utility is low, to places where its marginal utility is high.
Transport and Place Utility
Transport system give “____________” to the goods, making it possible for transferring a commodity where its marginal utility is low, to places where its marginal utility is high.
space utility
Transport shortems the time needed to travel from place to place. Thus, whereas it may take 10 hours to travel a distance of 500 km by road on a two-lane congested road, the time may be reduced to 5 hours if an expressway is constructed. The time thus saved has a value attached to it, for the passengers, for the commodity in transit, and for the vehicles involved in transport.
Time Utility of Transport
True or False. Transport takes time utility.
False (takes - gives)
Perishable goods like milk, fruits, vegetables, fish, poultry products, meat, and flowers can be transported quickly from the places of production to the consumer over long distances by means of refrigerated containers travelling by road, rail, and air.
Transport Helps Preserve the Quality of Perishable Goods
A good system of transport has a low cost of transport. This helps in bringing the goods to the consumer at a reduced cost.
Transport Reduces the Cost of the Goods
Modern agriculture requires inputs like better seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers. The inputs can reach the farmer at a low cost if there is a good transport system. Similarly, the farmer is encouraged to produce mroe only if the price of his produce at the market center is attractive. A good road system reduced his cost of transportation, and the farmer is induced to produce more to earn a surplus.
Transport Accelerates Agriculturural Development
Tourism can be promoted only if the tourists can reach the destination in a short time and at affordable travel cost. Thus, the key to tourism development is a good transport system.
Transport and Tourism Promotion
The US Interstate Highway system was conceived to provide a high level of service to interstate travel and to meet defense needs. The Autobahn system in Germany helped the Germans to move their tanks and supplies to the war front. Air Transport is also essential to move troops and supplies to the war front.
Transport is Vital for Defense and Strategic Needs
The ____________ was conceived to provide a high level of service to interstate travel and to meet defense needs.
US Interstate Highway System
The _______________ in Germany helped the Germans to move their tanks and supplies to the war front.
Autobahn System
Singapore port, which handles several millions of containers, has developed as an international hub of trade. India’s major ports like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, have handles the country’s international trade, backed by a good system of railways and roads in the hinterland.
Transport Facilitates International Trade
____________, which handles several millions of containers, has developed as an international hub of trade..
Singapore Port
India’s major ports like _________, _________, and _________, have handles the country’s international trade, backed by a good system of railways and roads in the hinterland.
Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
The Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia is a classic example of how a major transport link has helped in administering the remote area of Siberia.
Transport Facilitates Administration of Vast Areas
The ___________ in Russia is a classic example of how a major transport link has helped in administering the remote area of Siberia.
Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia
Taking the case of laptop computers, several countries are associated with the production of components like keyboard, display screen, mother booard, cables, mouse, each country specializing in a particular part and producing it on a mass scale. This results in economies of scale.A good system of transport enables the ancillaries to be moved to the central assembly plant.
Transport Facilitates the Specialization and Economies of Scale
As motor vehicles became popular in USA, the people found it more convenient to move out from the crowded central part of towns to the suburbs. Good roads made it possible for people to commute to the work place in a reasonable time. The underground tube railway of London has made it possible for people to reside on the outskirts and travel to work comfortably.
Transport Influences Growth of Cities
The ___________________________ of London has made it possible for people to reside on the outskirts and travel to work comfortably.
umderground tube railway
To meet any given demand for transport of people and goods within a country and between countries, __________are available, each _______ having its own advantages and disadvantages.
multiple modes and modes
Enumerate the important modes of transport currently available.
- Roads and Road Transport
- Railways
2.1 Surface
2.2 Underground (Tube)
2.3 Elevated
2.4 Mass Rapid Transport
2.5 Light Rail Transit (Tram and other modern system) - Air Transport
- Water Transport
4.1 Coastal Shipping
4.2 International Shipping
How many years can these processes take?
10-15 years (between when a scheme is first conceived and its actual opening to traffic) depending on the size, location and complexity of the schemes, and their acceptability to the public
What is the traditional viewpoint of transport experts and policy makers?
Transportations systems exist to provide for the safe and efficient movement of people and goods in an environmentally responsible manner.
Enumerate the Main Stages to the development of a trunk road scheme in a rural or urban area.
- Identification of need or problems existing
- Programme entry (publication in White paper or Roads Report)
- Public consultation
- Announcement of preferred route
- Publication of draft Orders
- Public Inquiries (if necessary)
- Secretaries of States’ decision on Inspector’s reports
- Invite tenders and let contract
- Road opens
Older transportation planning textbooks and handbooks would define the transportation problem as composed of a few key dimensions:
- Safety
- Efficiency
- Comfort
- Environmental Pollution
It includes fatalities, injuries, and property damade due to accidents.
Safety
It is the optical allocation of resources in moving people and goods; access, provision of enabling technologies and services to people that need to reach and use opportunities.
Efficiency
It is travel in environments without causing unnecessary stress and strain due to noise or other factors.
Comfort
It is the production of contaminants in the air, water, or soil that are at higher levels than naturally found and that cause harm to animals, plants, and humans.
Environmental Pollution
True or False. Safety, efficiency, comfort, and access have seen a tremendous improvement over the last 40 years in all industrialized countries, and they have become valued aspects of transportation systems worldwide.
True
Environmental pollution, in spite of the spectacular improvements in internal combustion engines and emission control, appears to be inhibited by an exponential increase in ________.
trip making
It entails the efficient management and operation practices, design, and assessent of the cost-effectiveness of transportation systems.
Transportation System Engineering
The _______________________ requires performace modeling techniques, traffic simulation, and environmental impcat (noise and air pollution) analyses.
assessment of transportation systems
Who profounded a theory that traffic was a function of land use?
Mitchell and Rapkin (1954)
True or False. The National Capital Region where Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, is the centre of commercial activity, and thus attracts considerable traffic.
True
Transport plans can be prepared and implemented at various levels such as:
- National Level
- Regional Level, such as State or Region
- Local Level, such as city, town or a district
To start the transport planning process, the goals and objectives must be clearly understood. Some of these could be:
- The transport plan should be in conformity with the nation’s overall economic development plan.
- The transport plan should be a harmonious mix of various alternatives and modes so as to give the maximum benefits such as economy in cost of operation, conveniences, comfort, safety and speed.
- Environmental considerations and sustainability should be given importance.
- Transport development should be in step with the development plans for other sectors such as agriculture, industry, mining, forestry, employment generation and export/ import trade.
- A balanced development of urban settlements and rural habitations should be aimed at.
- Conservation of energy should be given high priority in the plans.
- Public transport should be given priority over use of personalized vehicles.
- Pedestrians and cyclists should get adequate attention
True or False. The transport plan should be in conformity with the nation’s overall economic development plan.
True
True or False. The transport plan should be a discordant mix of various alternatives and modes so as to give the maximum benefits such as economy in cost of operation, conveniences, comfort, safety and speed.
False (harmonius - discordant)
True or False. Economical considerations and sustainability should be given importance.
True
True or False. Transport development should not be in step with the development plans for other sectors such as agriculture, industry, mining, forestry, employment generation and export/ import trade
False (remove not)
True or False. A balanced development of urban settlements and rural habitations should be aimed at.
True
True or False. Conservation of energy should be given low priority in the plans.
False (low - high)
Personalized vehicles should be given priority over use of public transport.
False (inverse)
True or False. Pedestrians and cyclists should get adequate attention.
True
The stages involved in the Transport Planning Process are:
- Inventory, survey and analysis of existing conditions.
- Forecast, analysis of future conditions.
- Formulation of feasible alternatives.
- Evaluation of the alternatives
- Adoption of the preferred alternative and implementation.
- Continuing study
This activity is crucial to the transport planning process, as the data forms the basis for formulating plans.
Transportation Survey
True or False. Since the survey costs are high, proper organization of the work and following guidelines evolved by various organizations are very important.
True
The inventory of existing transport facilities should cover:
- Inventory of Streets
1.1 Layout (with a Map)
1.2 Length
1.3 Capacity
1.4 Width of Street (Carriageway, Footpath, Median, Cycle Track)
1.5 Traffic Signals - Inventory of bus transport
2.1Number of buses;
2.2 Operating speeds;
2.3 Routes;
2.4 Passengers carried;
2.5 Location of depots and terminals;
2.6 Schedules;
2.7 Fare structure. - Inventory of rail-based facilities
3.1 * Sub-Urban Rail System, with Routes, Stations;
3.2 Number of Passengers Carried;
3.3 Fare Structure;
3.4 Metro;
3.5 Schedules;
3.6 Operating Speed. - Accident Data for the past 3 years:
4.1 Location;
4.2 Serious Injuries;
4.3 Number of accidents;
4.4 Minor Injuries - Pollution Data:
5.1 Noise levels recorded;
5.2Air-quality levels recorded
It is considered synonymous to transportation engineering but it is usually defined as the narrower field of management of traffic flow.
Traffic Engineering
They use projected and monitored traffic patterns and volume to design automated or centrally controlled street signals to modulate traffic.
Traffic Engineers
What do traffic engineers use to design automated or centrally-controleed street signals to modulate traffic?
projected and monitored traffic designs and volume
True or False. Tools used for traffic control include weight sensors for triggering of left-turn signals and ramp-entry signals for freeway entry during rush hours.
True
They are installed along travel routes to ensure safe, orderly, and predictable traffic movement
Traffic control devices
They provide guidance and warnings to the motorists.
Traffic control devices
It was developed to promote uniformity in traffic control devices.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
They present traffic control device standards for all streets and highways open to public travel, regardless of type or class, or of the governmental agency having jurisdiction.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
According to MUTCD, installation of a traffic control device must satisfy five requirements; a device must:
- Fulfill a need
- Command respect of road users
- Command attention
- Give adequate time for proper response
- Convey a clear, simple meaning
It is subject to design, placement, operation, maintenance, and uniformity
Installation of a traffic control device
True or False. Design ensures that size, contrast, color, shape, and composition are acceptable and serve the intended purpose
True
True or False. Placement is particularly not important, because vehicle drivers, traveling at normal speed, need adequate time to read and comprehend the sign, and to make any necessary changes required to heed the sign.
False (remove not)
They are also important, because drivers must be able to recognize the sign in order to react to it.
Operation, maintenance, and uniformity
It is particularly important, because vehicle drivers, traveling at normal speed, need adequate time to read and comprehend the sign, and to make any necessary changes required to heed the sign
Placement
In conducting a traffic control device inventory, signs are identified, classified, and recorded, including:
- regulatory signs
- warning signs, guide signs
- recreational and cultural signs, and
- construction and maintenance signs.
It include right-of-way (stop and yield), speed, movement (directional), parking, pedestrian, and other special signs.
Regulatory Signs
True or False. A specific code is assigned to each type of sign on the street plans for easy recognition.
True
These are usually rectangular with a black legend on a white background.
Regulatory Signs
They alert drivers to any potentially hazardous condition on or adjacent to the roadway provide a signal to reduce speed or drive safely.
Warning Signs
They are used to indicate intersections, traffic signals, changes in grade, entrances, and crossings.
Warning signs
They are usually diamond shaped with black legend and border on a yellow background.
Warning signs
They indicate routes and direct travelers to cities, places of interest, parks, forests, and historical sites.
Guide Signs
Most _________ vary in size and usually feature white messages on a green background.
guide signs
These signs are for general motorist services are white messages on a blue background.
Recreational and Cultural Signs
They have a white symbol on a brown background.
Recreational and Cultural Signs
They are usually black text on an orange background.
Construction and Maintenance Signs
They follow the basic standards of shaped and other details for all highways.
Special construction and maintenance signs
They are provided on the road pavement (carriageway markings) or on objects which are part of the road.
Road markings
The markings are painted with hot applied thermoplastic paints.
Road markings
Road markings are painted with?
hot applied thermoplastic paints
Carriageway markings are of the following categories:
- Centerline of carriageway
- Traffic lane markings
- Stop Lines
- Pedestrian crossings
- Bus stops
- Pavement edge lines
- Direction arrows
- Word Messages
- Parking-related markings
It is a problem which has to be addressed by the traffic engineer
Parking of vehicles
The space required for parking is as under:
- Cars: 2.5 m x 5 m, and preferably 3 m x 6 m
- Two-wheelers: 0.8 m x 2.5 m
- Bicycle: 1.4—1.8 sq. m
- Commercial Vehicles: 3.75 m x 7.5 m
On-street parking can be?
parallel parking or angle parking and unparking maneuvers
It is a on-street parking where space is restricted.
Parallel parking
This on-street parking is preferred for making parking.
Angle parking
True or False. . Surface off-street parking, multi-storey car parks and underground car parks are rare in major cities
False (rare - common)
They can be totally mechanically operated by robots.
Modern multi-storey car parks
It is needed for guiding road users to see the carriageway and the immediate surroundings clearly.
Street Lighting
Road traffic causes several environmental effects such as:
- Air pollution
- Vibration
- Severance
- Noise
- Visual intrusion
True or False. As regards air pollution, emissions caused by the exhaust of vehicles does not contain major pollutants like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead compounds, carbon particles (smoke) and unburnt petrol.
False (remove does not)
True or False. Air pollution can be controlled by reducing the use of private vehicles, frequent checking of vehicle emissions, use of battery-operated vehicles and by improving vehicle design and maintenance.
True
How can air pollution be controlled?
- reducing the use of private vehicles
- frequent checking of vehicle emissions
- use of battery-operated vehicles and
- by improving vehicle design and maintenance.
Noise levels are measured by _________.
A decibel
True or False. Noise can be controlled by changes in the design of vehicles, changes in tires or road surfaces and modifications in traffic operations, Noise barriers can prevent noise reaching adjacent buildings.
True
It is caused by the movement of vehicles on narrow streets flanked by buildings.
Vibration
They can prevent noise reaching adjacent buildings.
Noise barriers
True or False. Low levels of vibration can cause structural damages and annoyance to the residents.
False (low - high)
True or False. Vibrations can be controlled by improving the surface finish of the road, improvements in vehicle design, increasing the number of commercial vehicles using the road and provision of wider streets.
False (increasing - decreasing)
It js caused by roadside advertisements, unregulated parking and ribbon development along highways.
Visual intrusion
True or False. The aesthetics can be improved by planting avenue trees, control of access, allowing roadside advertisements and providing inadequate off-street parking.
False (allowing - restricting, inadequate - adequate)
It is caused when a road is aligned through a village or habitation, dividing the life of the community, forcing them to cross the road and risking their safety.
Severance
True or False. Great care is needed in selecting the alignment of the road to avoid severance.
True
The factors responsible for the road accidents are:
- The road
- Environmental Factors
- The vehicle
- Lack of Enforcement
- The drivers and other road users
True or False. The design of road to make it safe for all road users can prevent accidents.
True
True or False. The proper maintenance of vehicles in a roadworthy condition is the responsibility of the vehicle owner.
True
It is the cause of several accidents.
Drunken Driving
It can act as as a deterrent to drunken driving.
periodic checking by police using breathalyzers
It can act as a deterrent to overspeeding.
checking the speeds by police personnel using radar guns
True or False. Enforcement measures by Police, empowered to impose heavy fines on the site for traffic violators can improve road safety.
True
True or False. Use of crash helmets, seat belts and inflatable airbags in vehicles can increase the severity of accidents.
False (increase - reduce)
True or False. Training of professional drivers in driver training schools is another part of a safety education program.
True
True or False. Road accidents cause a serious economic gain to the society.
False (gain - loss)
True or False. Propaganda by poster campaigns, use of TV and radio for creating awareness and use of catchy and imaginative slogans can go a long way in reducing road accidents
True
It focuses on the planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of highways.
Highway engineering
True or False. Common to highway engineering is the design and construction of highway pavements and foundations, and the design of highway interchanges.
False (common - unique)
It includes the use of high-occupancy lanes and networked signals and displays that can alter lane direction during rush traffic and warn travelers of road conditions ahead.
operation of highways
True or False. Design and construction of toll booths and ways of collecting tolls are not part of highway engineering as well.
False (remove not)
It refers to the highway system of the Philippines.
Philippine Highway Network
It is a network of national roads owned and maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways which are organized into three classifications, under the Philippine Highway Act (Republic Act No. 917) signed by President Elpidio Quirino, depending on their function or purpose they serve within the road network: national primary, national secondary, and national tertiary roads.
Philippine Highway Network
What department maintains Philippine Highway Network?
Department of Public Works and Highways
What law is the Philippine Highway Network under?
The Philippine Highway Act (Republic Act no. 917) signed by President Elpidio Quirino
According to the Philippine Highway Act (Republic Act no. 917), Philippine roads are classified into three, which are?
- National Primary Roads
- National Secondary Roads
- National Tertiary Roads
These are roads which form parts of the main trunkline system and directly connect three or more major cities and metropolitan areas with a population of at least 100,000.
National Primary Roads
True or False. The national primary roads are roads which form parts of the main trunkline system and directly connect three or more major cities and metropolitan areas with a population of at least 500,000.
False (500,000 - 100,000)
National primary roads are further classified into:
- North-south backbone
- East-west lateral
- Other roads of strategic importance
It refers to the main trunk line, the Pan-Philippine Highway (NI, also designated as Asian Highway 26, see figure), which runs from Laoag in the northernmost parts of Luzon to Zamboanga City in western Mindanao, interconnecting the country’s major islands.
North-south backbone
These are roads that traverse this backbone and runs east — west across different islands.
East-west lateral
They provide access to other areas vital for regional development and infrastructure.
Other roads of strategic importance
These are roads that complement the primary roads and provide access to other major population centers.
National Secondary Roads
They directly link smaller cities and provincial capitals, airports, seaports, tourist centers to the primary roads.
National Secondary Roads
The third classification of road was introduced in 2014 known as _____________.
National Tertiary Roads
The third classification was introduced in ______ known as national tertiary roads
2014
They include other existing roads administered by the DPWH which perform a local function.
National Tertiary Roads
True or False. For designing a highway facility, it is essential to know the characteristics of the road user and the vehicles.
True
The road users include?
- drivers of vehicles
- pedestrians
- cyclists
The road users include the drivers of vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists. The human behaviour can be studied under the following groups:
- Physiological
1.1 Vision
1.2 Hearing - Psychological
2.1 Perception
2.2 Intellection
2.3 Volition
2.4 Emotion
It perceives objects very sharply within a zone formed by a cone whose angle is 3 degrees about the centre of it.
retina
True or False. The retina perceives objects very sharply within a zone formed by a cone whose angle is 30 degrees about the centre of the retina.
False (30 - 3)
The retina perceives objects very sharply within a zone formed by a cone whose angle is 3 degrees about the centre of the retina. This zone is known as ______________________.
zone of acute vision or visual acuity
True or False. Vision is still satisfactory if the angle of the cone is 10-12 degrees.
True
Vision is still satisfactory if the angle of the cone is _______ degrees.
10-12
It deals deals with the visual zone for the two eyes.
Peripheral vision
Peripheral vision deals with the visual zone for the two eyes. The angle is about ______degrees in the horizontal field and ______ degrees in the vertical field.
160 and 115
True or False. The field of peripheral vision falls within speed.
True
It is very important for discerning the signals.
Color Vision
______ from opposing vehicles and street lights causes discomfort to drivers.
Glare
True or False. Hearing is important to a driver to alert him when a horn is blown.
True
It governs the perceiving of information (perception), analyzing it (intellection), starting the decision-making process (emotion) and the will to react to a situation (volition).
Psychological trait of perception
Psychological trait of perception governs the perceiving of information (1), analyzing it (2), starting the decision-making process (3) and the will to react to a situation (4).
- Perception
- Intellection
- Emotion
- Volition
When a vehicle is moving on a curved path, it is subjected to an outward force, commonly known as the?
centrifugal force
True or False. In order to resist this force, it is the usual practice to super-elevate the roadway cross-section.
True
The following general controls for horizontal alignment should be kept in view in a sound design practice.
- Alignment should be as directional as possible.
- The alignment should be consistent with the topography and should conform generally to the natural contours. A line cutting across the contours involves high fills and large cuts, mars the landscape and is difficult for maintenance.
- The number of curves should, in general, be kept to a minimum.
- The alignment should be fluent and avoid abrupt turns. Widening alignment consisting of short curves should be avoided, since it is the cause of erratic operation,
- A sharp curve at the end of a long tangent is extremely hazardous and should be avoided. If sharp curvature is unavoidable over a portion of the route selected, it is preferable that this portion of the road be preceded by successfully sharper curves.
- Short curves giving the appearance of kinks should be avoided, especially for small deflection angles. The curves should be sufficiently long to provide pleasing appearance and smooth driving on important highways. They should be at least 150 metres long for a deflection angle of 5 degrees, and the minimum length should be increased by 30 metres for each 1 degree decrease in the deflection angle.
- For a particular design speed, as large a radius as possible should be adopted. The minimum radii should be reserved only for the critical locations.
- The use of sharp curves should be avoided on high fills. In the absence of cut slopes, shrubs, trees, etc., above the roadway, the drivers may have difficulty in estimating the extent of curvature and fail to adjust to the conditions.
- While abrupt reversal in curvature is to be avoided, the use of reverse curves becomes unavoidable in hilly terrain. When they are provided, adequately long transitional curves should be inserted for superelevation runoff.
- Curves in the same direction separated by short tangents, say 300-500 metres long are called brokenback curves. They should be avoided as they are not pleasing in appearance and are hazardous.
- Compound curves may be used in difficult topography in preference to a broken-back arrangement, but they should be used only if it is impossible to fit in a single circular curve. To ensure safe and smooth transition from curve to curve, the radius of the flatter curve should not be disproportional to the radius of the sharper curve. A ratio of 2:1 or preferably 1.5:1 should be adopted.
- The horizontal alignment should blend with the vertical harmoniously.
True or False. Horizontal alignment should be as multi-directional as possible.
False (multi-directional - directional)
The horizontal alignment should be consistent with the topography and should conform generally to the natural contours.
True
True or False. The number of curves should, in general, be kept to a maximum.
False (maximum - minimum)
True or False. The alignment should be fluent and avoid abrupt turns. Widening alignment consisting of short curves should be avoided, since it is the cause of erratic operation.
True
A sharp curve at the end of a long tangent is extremely safe and should not be avoided. If sharp curvature is unavoidable over a portion of the route selected, it is preferable that this portion of the road be preceded by successfully sharper curves.
False (safe - hazardous, remove not)
True or False. Short curves giving the appearance of kinks should be avoided, especially for small deflection angles.
True
True or False. The curves should be sufficiently short to provide pleasing appearance and smooth driving on important highways.
False (short - long)
Short curves should be at least _____ metres long for a deflection angle of __ degrees, and the minimum length should be increased by _____metres for each ___ degree decrease in the deflection angle.
150, 5, 30, and 1
True or False. For a particular design speed, as large a radius as possible should be adopted. The minimum radii should be reserved only for the critical locations.
True
True or False. The use of sharp curves should be preferred on high fills. In the absence of cut slopes, shrubs, trees, etc., above the roadway, the drivers may not have difficulty in estimating the extent of curvature and succeed to adjust to the conditions.
False (preferred -avoided, remove not, succeed - fail)
True or False. While abrupt reversal in curvature is to be avoided, the use of reverse curves becomes unavoidable in hilly terrain. When they are provided, adequately long transitional curves should be inserted for superelevation runoff.
False
Curves in the same direction separated by short tangents, say 300-500 metres long are called ________.
brokenbacn curves
True or False. Curves in the same direction separated by short tangents, say 300-500 metres long are called brokenback curves. They should be preferred as they are not pleasing in appearance and are hazardous.
False (preferred - avoided)
They may be used in difficult topography in preference to a broken-back arrangement, but they should be used only if it is impossible to fit in a single circular curve.
Compound Curves
True or False. To ensure safe and smooth transition from curve to curve, the radius of the flatter curve should not be disproportional to the radius of the sharper curve.
True
What ratio should be adopted the radius of the flatter curve and sharper curve?
2:1 preferably 1.5:1
True or False. The horizontal alignment should blend with the vertical harmoniously.
True
One of the important considerations in designing a highway is the _________.
gradient
True or False. The cost of operation of vehicles and the capacity of a highway are profoundly affected by the gradients provided.
True
True or False. On mountainous and steep terrain, the grades are not only influenced by the ability of vehicles to negotiate them, but also by the altitude of a road above the sea level since rarefaction of air causes loss of engine power.
True
The following general controls for vertical alignment should be kept in view in designing the vertical profile of a highway:
- The grade line selected should be smooth with gradual changes, consistent with the class of highway and terrain. Numerous brakes and short lengths of grades should be avoided.
- The roller-coaster or hidden type of profile should be avoided as it is hazardous and aesthetically unpleasant.
- Undulating grade lines, involving substantial lengths of momentum grades, should be appraised for their effect upon traffic operation. Such profiles permit heavy trucks to operate at higher overall speeds than when an upgrade is not preceded by a down-grade but may encourage excessive speeds of trucks with consequent hazard to traffic.
- A broken-back grade line (two vertical curves in the same direction separated by short section of tangent grade) should generally be avoided.
- On long continuous grades, it may be preferable to place the steepest grades at the bottom and flatten the grades near the top. Alternatively, the long grades may be broken by short intervals of flatter grades.
- Intersections on grades should be avoided as far as possible. Where unavoidable, the approach gradients and the gradient through the intersections should be flattened to the maximum possible extent.
True or False. The grade line selected should be rough with gradual changes, consistent with the class of highway and terrain. Numerous brakes and short lengths of grades should be avoided
False (rough - smooth)
True or False. The roller-coaster or hidden type of profile are to be preferred as it is safe and aesthetically pleasant.
False (preferred - avoided, safe - hazardous, pleasant - unpleasant)
True or False. Undulating grade lines, involving substantial lengths of momentum grades, should be appraised for their effect upon traffic operation. Such profiles permit heavy trucks to operate at higher overall speeds than when an upgrade is not preceded by a down-grade but may encourage excessive speeds of trucks with consequent hazard to traffic.
True
It is a two vertical curves in the same direction separated by short section of tangent grade.
Broken-back grade line
True or False. A broken-back grade line (two vertical curves in the same direction separated by short section of tangent grade) should generally be avoided.
True
On long continuous grades, it may be preferable to place the steepest grades at the bottom and flatten the grades near the top.
Broken-back grade line
True or False. Intersections on grades should be avoided as far as possible. Where unavoidable, the approach gradients and the gradient through the intersections should be flattened to the maximum possible extent
True
True or False. The design of a highway with inadequate sight ahead of traveling vehicles results in safe operation.
False (inadequate - adequate)
It is the distance along the road surface at which a driver has visibility of objects, stationary or moving, at a specified height above the carriageway.
Sight Distance
True or False. Knowledge of the sight distance requirement is needed in designing vertical curves.
True
It also governs the set-back of buildings, slopes, fences, and other obstructions adjacent to a carriageway on a horizontal curve.
Sight Distance
Sight distance requirement can be considered under two heads:
- Stopping sight distance, and
- Overtaking (passing) sight distance
It is the distance required by a driver of a vehicle traveling at a given speed to bring his vehicle to a stop after an object on the roadway becomes visible.
Stopping Sight Distance
True or False. Because of its importance to safety, all highways must be designed for the maximum stopping sight distance.
False (maximum - minimum)
Because of its importance to safety, all highways must be designed for the minimum stopping sight distance. It is made up of two components:
- The distance traveled during perception and brake reaction time; and
- The distance traveled during the time the brakes are under application till the vehicle comes to a stop.
When sensations received through the eyes, ears or body are strong enough to be recognized and interpreted, they become ___________.
perceptions
In the case of a motorist, it is the time that elapses between the instant the driver perceives the object on the carriageway and the instant that he realizes that braking of the vehicle is needed.
Stopping Sight Distance
It is the time lag or the brief interval between the perception of danger and the effective application of the brakes.
Brake Reaction Time
It becomes necessary because some vehicles travel fast while some travel slowly.
Overtaking
True or False. The highway should be designed so that the vehicles traveling at the design speed are afforded the chance to overtake the slower vehicles.
True
It is possible only if the drivers have sufficient sight distance available to them so that the whole operation can be accomplished without danger.
Overtaking Maneuver
Overtaking maneuver is possible only if the drivers have sufficient _________available to them so that the whole operation can be accomplished without danger.
sight distance
On undivided roads, it involves the occupation of the road space normally used by opposing traffic.
overtaking
It is the distance that should be available to enable the driver to overtake another vehicle safely and comfortably without interfering with the speed of an oncoming vehicle traveling at the design speed should it come into view after the overtaking maneuver is started.
Overtaking Sight Distance
For computing the minimum overtaking sight distance on two-lane two-way highways, the following assumptions are made:
- The overtaken vehicle travels at a uniform speed which is 16 K.P.H. less than the design speed of the road.
- The overtaking vehicle has reduced its speed and trails the overtaken vehicle as it enters the overtaking section.
- The overtaking vehicle follows the vehicle ahead for a short while to perceive the clear road ahead before beginning the overtaking movement.
- The overtaking is done by accelerating to the design speed and hurriedly returning to its own side of the road.
- When the overtaking vehicle returns to its lane, it arrives alongside an oncoming vehicle in the opposite lane.
True or False. The overtaken vehicle travels at a uniform speed which is 18 K.P.H. less than the design speed of the road.
False (18 kph - 16 kph)
True or False. The overtaking vehicle has reduced its speed and trails the overtaken vehicle as it enters the overtaking section.
True
True or False. The overtaking vehicle follows the vehicle ahead for a short while to perceive the clear road ahead before beginning the overtaking movement.
True
True or False. The overtaking is done by deceleration to the design speed and hurriedly returning to its own side of the road.
False (deceleration - acceleration)
True or False. When the overtaking vehicle returns to its lane, it arrives alongside an oncoming vehicle in a similar lane.
False (similar - opposite)
With the advent of high-speed railway, light rail systems, and magnetic levitation systems, _______________ gained renewed interest in civil engineering
railway engineering
It remains a cost-effective way of transporting large quantities of goods on land.
Railway transportation
It focuses on the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of railways.
Railway engineering
True or False. Advances in electronic signal design and communication technology provide new tools in the control of railway traffic for efficiency and safety.
True
They are concerned with the route selection, alignment, construction, and maintenance of railway stations and goods yards.
Civil Engineers
In a transport system, there are four components:
- Containers
- Propulsion Unit
- Pathway
- Terminal
These are the passenger coaches and goods wagons.
Containers
It is the locomotive, which may be a steam engine, diesel locomotive, or electric locomotive.
Propulsion Unit
It is the railway track on which the trains move.
Pathway
It is the railway station and goods yard where passengers and goods are serviced.
Terminal
The track in a railway system is exclusive, and consists of two steel rails separated at a distance, known as _________.
gauge
True or False. The wheels of the coaches, wagons, and locomotives are made of iron, thus providing the movement of iron on steel with little friction.
False (steel - steel)
It can be laid on the ground, on elevated structures, or underground in tunnels.
Track
The various roles of railways can be discussed under the following heads:
- Facilitated the industrialization
- Serves as bulk carriers
- Suitable for long haulage
- Suitable for high-density traffic
- Serves as a mass rapid system in metropolitan areas
- Serves as a cheap mode for long-distance passenger travel
- Helps administer large areas
- Supports military movements
- Provides public utility services for the movement of low-rated goods
It facilitated industrialization.
Railways
True or False. Railways are suitable for low-density traffic.
False (low-high)
It serves as mass rapid system in metropolitan areas.
Railways
The advantages of rail transport over other modes can be listed as under:
- Rail transport is suitable for the carriage of bulk commodities over the long haul (for example coal, mineral ore, steel products, cement, and petroleum products).
- Rail transport enjoys an advantage when a full rake load is to be transported from one point to another.
- Rail transport consumes less energy than road transport, because of the low friction between steel wheels and rail.
- Rail transport can be operated using energy other than hydrocarbons which are in short supply globally. Rail transport can be operated on electricity.
- Rail transport is pollution-free.
- Rail transport is safer than road transport, as accidents are rare.
- Rail transport is ideally suited for Mass Rapid Transit in cities.
- Rail transport is economical for long-distance passenger traffic.
True or False. Rail transport is not suitable for the carriage of bulk commodities over the long haul (for example coal, mineral ore, steel products, cement, and petroleum products).
False (remove not)
True or False. Rail transport enjoys an advantage when a full rake load is to be transported from one point to other.
True
True or False. Rail transport consumes more energy than road transport, because of the low friction between steel wheels and rail.
False (more - less)
True or False. Rail transport can be operated using energy other than hydrocarbons which are in short supply globally. Rail transport can be operated on electricity.
True
True or False. Rail transport is not pollution-free.
False (remove not)
True or False. Rail transport is much more dangerous than road transport, as accidents are common.
False (much more dangerous - safer, common - rare)
True or False. Rail transport is ideally suited for Mass Rapid Transit in cities.
True
True or False. Rail transport is economical for long-distance passenger traffic.
True
Geometric design of a railway track is the subject of dimensioning of the visible elements of the track. It covers the following elements:
- Cross-sectional elements
- Horizontal Curvature and its associated elements
- Gradient
- Vertical curves
In some countries, it is known by the name permanent way.
permanent railway track
It consists of the earthen formation over which the track structure is laid.
permanent way
The track structure consists of?
ballast, the sleepers, and the rail
It is the embankment constructed on the natural ground to accommodate the railway track.
formation
True or False. it is economical to balance the cuts and fills, transporting the cut material to form adjacent fills.
True
True or False. It is necessary to keep the formation sufficiently low so that it does not get submerged under flooding conditions.
False (low - high)
True or False. The formation level in such cases has to be above the effluxed flood level
True
In some cases, the construction of a railway embankment blocks the natural drainage and may cause ___________.
ponding
Water can cause damage and harm to a railway track in several ways. These are:
- Rainwater falling on the track enters the formation through the ballast. The formation gets softened and its bearing capacity is jeopardized. It is for this purpose that the top of the formation is given an outward slope of 1 in 40 on either side of the center line.
- Rainwater falling on the embankment slopes causes rain cuts and erosion. This can be prevented by turfing the side slopes.
- By the capillary rise of water from the high water table in the natural ground, or from the water standing against the slopes, the moisture enters the top of the formation and softens it, causing a reduction in its bearing capacity. This action is particularly observed in highly expansive clay, The capillary rise can be stopped by providing a sand blanket.
- In one-sided or two-sided cuts, water from the hillside flows down the hill slopes and needs to be drained away. This can be done by providing side drains of adequate capacity and additionally by providing catch-water drains uphill,
- Rainwater falling on the track needs to be led away to the natural outlet. For this purpose, longitudinal side drains are provided near the edges of the land width.
- The several natural streams crossing the line bring discharge from the catchment area. They need to be taken across the track by providing culverts and bridges.
Rainwater falling on the track enters the formation through the ______.
ballast
True or False. Rainwater falling on the embankment slopes causes rain cuts and erosion. This can be prevented by turfing the side slopes.
True
True or False. By the capillary rise of water from the high water table in the natural ground, or from the water standing against the slopes, the moisture enters the top of the formation and softens it, causing a reduction in its bearing capacity.
True
True or False. The capillary rise can be stopped by providing a soil blanket.
False (soil - sand)
True or False. In one-sided or two-sided cuts, water from the hillside flows down the hill slopes and needs to be drained away.
True
True or False. Rainwater falling on the track needs to be led away to an artificial outlet. For this purpose, longitudinal side drains are provided near the edges of the land width.
False (artificial - natural)
It is based on the movement of steel wheels of locomotives, coaches, and wagons on steel rails.
Railway Technology
The two rails are separated by the ___________.
gauge distance
It acts as the continuous support, countering the vertical and horizontal loads of the moving axles, transmitting these loads to the sleepers, ballast, formation, and the natural ground, and enabling the train to move smoothly.
Rails
For performing the above functions, rails must meet the following requirements:
- High Strength
- Adequate Flexural Stiffness
- Resistance to Wear
- Sufficient Width of Rail Head to Provide Enough Contact Area with the wheel Flange
- Adequate Width at the Base to spread the load to the sleeper
- Adequate depth of head
- Fillets to be rounded
- Center of Gravity to be Approximately at Mid-height
- Sufficient Height of Section and Rib Area
It requires extensive study of regional topography, including locally constructed structures, prevailing winds, and, for airplane safety, movements of birds.
Airport Site Selection
True or False. The engineering of airport infrastructures such as runways, terminals, and signals falls in the domain of other civil engineering specialties.
True
Advantages of Air Transportation
- Speed
- Encourages Tourism
- Promotion of Business
- Military Use
- Relief and Rescue Operation
- Accessibility to Remote Areas
- Safety
Disadvantages of Air Transportation
- High Consumption of Liquid Fuel
- High Noise Pollution
- High Cost
Disadvantages of Air Transportation
- High Consumption of Liquid Fuel
- High Noise Pollution
- High Cost
Airport Characteristics
- Speed:
-The airport infrastructure facilities must match the speed of aircraft Modern wide-bodied jets can travel at speeds of 1000 km per hour. - Size and Dimensions:
-The size and dimensions of the aircraft expected to use in the airport determine the layout of the airport. - Weight, Landing Gear, and Tire Pressure:
-The maximum weight of an aircraft is when it is loaded with fuel and is at take-off. The load of the aircraft is transmitted to the airport pavement by wheels conforming to various configurations.
Airports are broadly classified into Civil airports meant for use by civilian aircraft and Military Airports exclusively serving defense needs. Civil Airports are of three types:
- Air carrier airports that serve air carriers.
- General aviation airports, which cater to flying clubs, medical services, firefighting, etc.
- A mixture of the above operations.
The types of landing that are possible are:
The types of landing that are possible are:
- CTOL: Conventional Take-off and Landing
- STOL: Short Take-off and Landing, with runways of less than 600 m length.
- VTOL: Vertical Take-off and Landing
- RTOL: Reduced Take-off and Landing with a runway 1000 - 1200 m long.
True or False. The planning for an airport is dictated by the future demand it is expected to cater to.
True
True or False. For old airports, it must be admitted that traffic forecast is based on trends in the growth of national air travel, the growth of the economy, and the growth of business and industry in the region.
False (old-new)
The site selection is governed by the following factors:
1 Engineering and Physical Factors:
1.1 The site should have a fairly level area so that the earthwork cost is minimal.
1.2 The land required for a small airport is about 20 to 40 hectares, but for large airports, it can be as large as 6,000 to 15,000 hectares. This quantity of land has to be acquired.
1.3 The site should permit future expansion.
1.4 Airport approaches must be clear of obstructions like tall buildings, towers, hills, and transmission lines.
1.5 The site should be easily accessible to all users, such as passengers, industry, and businesses.
1.6 The area should be well-drained, free from flooding, and have a low water table.
1.7 Good and firm soil can reduce the cost of pavement for runways, taxiways, and aprons.
1.8 The site should not create a noise nuisance to residential areas and hospitals.
1.9 Services like electricity, water, gas, sewerage, and telephone should be easily available.
1.10Bird hits cause serious damage to the aircraft and endanger safety. The site should, therefore, be away from slaughterhouses and refuse dumps that attract birds.
1.11 Good quality construction materials should be available nearby.
- Meteoroloqical Factors:
2.1 Wind velocity, direction, frequency, turbulence, and gusts influence aircraft operation and these should be favorable. Wind direction and velocity influence the orientation of the runway.
2.2 Visibility conditions like fog, dust-storms influence safe landing and take-off. These should be favorable
True or False. The land required for a small airport is about 30 to 50 hectares, but for large airports, it can be as large as 7,000 to 16,000 hectares. This quantity of land has to be acquired.
False (30 to 50 - 20 to 40 and 7,000 to 16,000 - 6,000 - 15,000)
The aircraft has three main components:
- Airfield
- Terminal Area
- Flight Support Facilities
Airport pavements for Runways and Taxiways must meet the following requirements:
- They must have adequate strength to withstand the heavy loads imposed by modern aircrafts.
- They must take care of the repetition of loads over the design life of the pavement.
- Because of the high speeds at which aircrafts land and take-off, the pavement must take care of the interaction of vehicle response and pavement surface. For this purpose, the surface should be sufficiently smooth.
- The surface should be anti-skid.
- The pavement should be dust free and take care of jet blast.
- The maintenance needs of the pavement should be minimal.
- The pavement should withstand the detrimental effect caused by fuel and oil spillage.
- The cost of the pavement should be economical.
True or False. Airport pavements must have adequate strength to withstand the heavy loads imposed by modern aircraft.
True
True or False. Because of the high speeds at which aircraft land and take off, the pavement must take care of the interaction of vehicle response and pavement surface. For this purpose, the surface should be sufficiently rough.
False (rough-smooth)
True or False. The surface of the airport pavement should be anti-skid
True
Advantages of Water Transportation
- It is a cheap mode because no expenditure is involved in constructing the paths like roads and railway lines. The only investments needed are in building ships and boats and providing terminal facilities. Water transport is also very energy efficient compared to other modes.
- It is environmentally friendly and does not create pollution.
- It is comparatively safe.
- It is eminently suitable for defense
Disadvantages of Water Transportation
- Its speed is lower than other modes like road transport, rail transport, and air transport. Thus, whereas in earlier days, Indians used to travel to the U.K. by ship, they now travel only by air.
- It is not a complete mode by itself as it has to depend on complementary modes like road transport, railways, and pipelines,
True or False. Water Transportation’s speed is lower than other modes like road transport, rail transport, and air transport. Thus, whereas in earlier days, Indians used to travel to the U.K. by ship, they now travel only by air.
True
True or False. Water transportation is a complete mode by itself as it has to depend on complementary modes like road transport, railways, and pipelines,
False (it is not a complete mode)
Water transport is possible in several forms such as:
- Oceanic shipping
- Coastal shipping
- Inland Water Transport (IWT)
It is a facility where transport of men and materials changes from a land-based mode to a water-based mode.
port
It is a safe haven for ships where they can be moored and sheltered from the wind and sea waves.
harbor
It is an artificial enclosure for the reception of ships, and the loading, and unloading of cargo and passengers.
dock
It is one that has impounded water at a uniform level, independent of external tide action and regulated by lock gates.
wet dock
It is a dock to which a ship can be made to enter and from which water can be temporarily pumped away to make it completely dry to enable repairs to be carried out to the ship.
dry dock
It is the surface upon which railway tracks and crane tracks can be laid to handle cargo from ships.
Quay
It is a continuous structure, generally acting as a retaining wall, along a sea edge or along the banks of rivers, canals, or any other waterway.
Wharf
It is an isolated marine structure connected with the mainland.
pier
These are covered structures meant for handling incoming and outgoing cargo for a short time and are provided behind quays.
Transit sheds
It is a covered structure for the storage of port cargo for a longer period.
Warehouse
These are those intended for storage of dutiable goods.
Bonded warehouses
These are those intended for storage of dutiable goods.
Bonded warehouses
These include cranes, liquid cargo handling facilities, bulk cargo handling facilities, and container handling facilities.
Cargo handling facilities
The cargo handling in ports is of the following categories:
- Dry bulk
- Liquid bulk
- Containers
- Parcels
- Liquefied or Compressed Gas
- General Cargo
The following considerations should be kept in view in the planning of ports:
- Availability of cargo traffic to make the operations commercially viable.
- Availability of adequate land to accommodate all the facilities.
- Availability of good inland transport linkages like roads and railways.
- Good channel depth for accommodating the vessels that are likely to use the facility.
Apart from the surveys needed for traffic forecast, the following surveys are needed:
- Topographical Survey of the land area, with a total station.
- Hydrographic survey:
a. to establish the ground profile using modern instruments such as echo soundings, and taking readings at 10-metre intervals in a rectangular grid;
b. to determine the high and low water lines. - Sub-soil investigations for the harbor area to obtain information of the nature of soil and rock, to be done by taking borings to a depth of 50 m or till hard rock is met with.
- Sub-soil investigations in the land area to design the nature and depth of foundations for dock walls and buildings.
- Tidal studies to determine the high and low tide levels; velocity and direction of sea currents; direction, amplitude, and height of sea waves, vi. Weather data, including wind velocity and direction and rainfall.
