Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Civil Engineering Orientation by Renz Magtalas > GEO CE MODULE 2: Physical Geology > Flashcards

GEO CE MODULE 2: Physical Geology Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the applied sciences which deals with the application of geology for a safe, stable land economical design and construction of a civil engineering project.

A

Engineering Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is almost universally considered as essential as that of soil mechanics, strength of material, or theory of structures.

A

Engineering Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The application of geological knowledge in planning, designing, and construction of big civil engineering objects.

A

Engineering Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It enables a civil engineer to understand the engineering implications of certain condition should relate to the area of construction which is essentially geological in nature.

A

Engineering Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

It enables a geologist to understand the nature of the geological information that is essentially for a safe design and construction of a civil engineering projects.

A

Engineering Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 Scopes of Geology with Reference to Major Activities of the Profession of a Civil Engineer

A
  • Construction
  • Water Resources
  • Development Towns
  • Regional Planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

6 Main Branches of Geology (PS MEPS)

A
  • Physical Geology
  • Structural Geology
  • Mineralogy
  • Economic Geology
  • Petrology
  • Statigraphy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 Allied Branches of Geology (3G ME)

A
  • Geophysics
  • Geohydrology
  • Geochemistry
  • Engineering Geology
  • Mining Geology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Also variously described as dynamic geology, geomorphology etc.

A

Physical Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It deals with different physical features of the earth, such as mountains, plateaus, valleys, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and volcanoes in terms of their origin and development.

A

Physical Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

It deals with the different changes occurring on the earth surface like marine transgression, marine regression, formation or disappearance of rivers, springs and lakes.

A

Physical Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It deals with geological work of wind, glaciers, rivers, oceans, and groundwater and their role in constantly molding the earth surface features

A

Physical Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

It deals with natural phenomena like landslides, earthquakes and weathering.

A

Physical Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It deals with the study of minerals.

A

Mineralogy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Minerals are basic units with different rocks and ores of the earth are made up of.

A

Mineralogy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

It is also defined as the details of mode of formation, composition, occurrence, types, association, properties use etc. of minerals.

A

Mineralogy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False

Sometimes quartzite and marble resemble one another in shine, colour, and appearance while QUARTZITE disintegrates and decomposes in a shorter period because of its mineral composition and properties.

A

False ; MARBLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It deals with the study of rocks. It has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.

A

Petrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This is the most important branch of geology from the civil engineering point of view.

A

Petrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

It is made up of different types of rocks

A

earth’s crust or lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It deals with the mode of formation, structure, texture, composition, occurrence, and types of rocks.

A

Petrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The rocks, which from the earth’s crust, undergo various deformations, dislocations, and disturbances under the influence of tectonic forces. The result is the occurrence of different geological structures like folds, fault, joints, and unconformities in rocks.

A

Structural Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The rocks, which from the earth’s crust, undergo various deformations, dislocations and disturbances under the influence of tectonic forces. The result is the occurrence of different geological structures like _________, _______, ________ and ___________________.

A

Folds, faults, joints, and unconformities in rocks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The details of mode of formation, causes, types, classification, and importance of these geological structures from the subject matter of ______________________.

A

structural geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The climatic and geological changes including tectonic events in the geological past can also be known from these investigations.

A

Stratigraphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

is a kind of study of the earth’s history through the sedimentary rock

A

Historical Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The 2 words where Stratigraphy came from

A

Strata & Graphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does Strata mean?

A

a set of sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

It means a set of sedimentary rocks

A

STRATA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does Graphy mean?

A

“field of study” or related to “writing”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

This means “field of study” or related to “writing”.

A

Graphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

can be grouped as general rock forming minerals and economic minerals

A

Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give some examples of mineral

A
  • talc
  • graphite
  • mica
  • asbestos
  • gypsum
  • magnesite
  • diamond
  • gems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

talc, graphite, mica, asbestos, gypsum, magnesite, diamond and gems are examples of what?

A

MINERALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The details of their mode of formation, occurrence, classification.

A

economic geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Association, varieties, concentration, properties, uses from the subject matter of _____________________.

A

economic geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Further based on application of geological knowledge in other fields there’s many other allied branches collectively called __________________

A

EARTH SCIENCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the field of civil engineering, for execution of safe, stable and economic constructions like dams, bridges, and tunnels.

A

Engineering Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the field of mining.

A

Mining Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who is interested in the mode and extent of occurrence of ores, their association, properties etc?

A

mining engineer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True or False

It is also necessary to know other physical parameters like depth, direction, inclination, thickness, and reserve of the bodies for efficient utilization

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

It deals with such details of mineral exploration, estimation and exploration

A

mining geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The study of physical properties like density and magnetism of the earth or its parts

A

Geophysics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The study of physical properties like density and magnetism of the earth or its parts. To know its interior form the subject matter of __________.

A

geophysics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

is a branch of exploration geophysics, which aims at solving civil engineering problems by interpreting subsurface geology of the area concerned.

A

Engineering geophysics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

2 Methods that are commonly used in solving civil engineering problems.

A
  • Electrical resistivity methods
  • Seismic refraction methods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This may also be called hydrogeology

A

Geohydrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

. It deals with occurrence, movement and nature of groundwater in an area.

A

Geohydrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

. It has applied importance because ground water has many advantages over surface water.

A

Geohydrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

True or False

In general, GEOCHEMISTRY and GEOHYDROLOGY studies are together taken up for groundwater investigations.

A

False ; GEOLOGICAL and GEOPHYSICAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

This branch is relatively more recent and deals with the occurrence, distribution, abundance, mobility etc., of different elements in the earth crust

A

Geochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

This is not important from the civil engineering point of view.

A

Geochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

is defined as a process of decay, disintegration and decomposition of rocks under the influence of certain physical and chemical agencies.

A

Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

It may be defined as the process of breaking up of rocks into small pieces by the mechanical agencies of physical agents.

A

Disintegration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The process of breaking up of mineral constituents to form new components by the chemical actions of the physical agents

A

Decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

A general term used when the surface of the earth is worn away by the chemical as well as mechanical actions of physical agents and the lower layers are exposed.

A

Denudation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The process of weathering depends upon the following three (3) factors:

A
  • Nature of Rocks
  • Length of Time
  • Climate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Three (3) chief types of weathering

A
  • Physical or Mechanical Weathering
  • Chemical Weathering
  • Biological Weathering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

are commonly distinguished based on type of agency involved in the process and nature of the product

A

Three (3) chief types of weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

It is the physical breakdown of rock masses under the attack of certain atmospheric agents

A

Physical Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

A single rock block is broken gradually into smaller irregular fragments and then into particles of still smaller dimensions.

A

Physical Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

It is the most active in cold, dry and higher areas of the earth surface.

A

Physical Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

are responsible to a great extent of physical weathering

A

Temperature variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Temperature variations are responsible to a great extent of ___________________.

A

physical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

is of considerable importance in arid and semi-arid regions where difference between daytime and nighttime temperature is often very high

A

The effect of change of temperature on rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

True or False

The effect of change of temperature on rocks is not of considerable importance in arid and semi-arid regions where difference between daytime and nighttime temperature is often very high.

A

False ; it is CONSIDERABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

these produce physical disintegration in a normally expected manner. Expansion on heating followed by contraction on cooling.

A

temperature fluctuations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The process when the rock mass is layered, and good thickness additional disturbing stresses may be developed into by unequal expansion and contraction from the surface to the lower regions. The rock sometimes is found to break off into concentric shells

A

exfoliation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

When this occurs, part of the disintegrated rock material is carried away by running water or any other transporting agent

A

weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

When weathering occurs, part of the disintegrated rock material is carried away by running water or any other transporting agent. Some of them are left on the surface of the bedrock as residual boulders. It is often seen that boulders have an onion like structure. This kind of weathering is called ____________________.

A

spheroidal weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

It is the chemical decomposition of the rock

A

chemical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

It is nothing but chemical reaction between gases of the atmosphere and minerals of the rocks.

A

chemical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The _______________ invariably take place in the presence of water generally rainwater - in which are dissolved many active gases from the atmosphere like CO2, nitrogen, hydrogen etc.

A

chemical changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

The chemical changes invariably take place in the presence of water generally _________ - in which are dissolved many active gases from the atmosphere like CO2, nitrogen, hydrogen etc.

A

rainwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

is essentially a process of chemical reactions between gases of the atmosphere and the surface rocks

A

Chemical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

4 Types of Chemical Weathering

A
  • Oxidation
  • Hydrolysis
  • Carbonation
  • Acid Rain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The reaction of oxygen with chemicals in rock.

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

For instance, oxygen reacts with iron to form iron oxide (rust) which is soft and vulnerable to physical weathering.

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

A process in which a rock absorbs water into its chemical structure.

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

A rock with a higher water content is softer, and thus easier for physical weathering, or even just gravity, to decay. What type of chemical weathering is this?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Caused by carbonic acid in water reacting with and degrading rock.

A

Carbonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

This acid is especially effective at degrading limestone.

A

carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

True or False

ACID RAINE may form limestone caverns.

A

False ; UNDERGROUND CARBONATION

84
Q

This may form limestone caverns

A

Underground carbonation

85
Q

Caused by sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the air reacting with water to form acids that then fall to the ground.

A

ACID RAIN

86
Q

These acids are particularly harmful to marble, chalk, and limestone, and cause damage to tombstones, statues, and other public monuments.

A

ACID RAIN

87
Q

It is when living organisms break up rocks.

A

Biological Weathering

88
Q

Tree roots, for example, can fracture rocks in the same way they buckle pavement. Warm, humid climates are most favorable to life. What type of weathering is this?

A

BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING

89
Q

Consequently, its rates are most rapid in warm humid climates like those in tropical regions.

A

biological weathering

90
Q

As ________ is directly or indirectly interested in rock weathering especially when he must select suitable quarry for the extraction of stones for structural and decorative purposes.

A

engineer

91
Q

It always causes a loss in the strength of the rocks or soil.

A

process of weathering

92
Q

For the construction engineer it is always necessary to see that:

A
  • To what extent the area under consideration for a proposed project has been affected by weathering
  • What may be possible effects of weathering processes typical of the area on the construction materials?
93
Q

envelope of gases the earth is surrounded

A

Atmosphere

94
Q

movement of the atmosphere in a direction parallel to the earth surface and air in motion.

A

Wind

95
Q

vertical movements of the atmosphere.

A

Air Currents

96
Q

The 2 Erosion Processes that Generally Cause Wind Erosion

A
  • Deflation
  • Abrassion
97
Q

Is the process of simply removing the loose sand and dust sized particles from an area, by fast-moving winds.

A

Deflation

98
Q

It can successfully operate in comparatively dry regions with little or no rainfall and where the mantle is unprotected due to absence of vegetation.

A

Wind deflation

99
Q

residual hard rocks or course materials like gravel remaining on a surface after loose fine particles have been removed by winds.

A

Lag gravel

100
Q

This gravel layer prevents further deflation.

A

Lag gravel

101
Q

The wind loaded with such particles attains a considerable erosive power which helps in eroding the rock surfaces by rubbing and grinding actions and produce many changes.

A

abrasion

102
Q

is a type of rock formation in which vertical column rocks has wider tops and narrower bases.

A

Pedestal or Mushroom rocks

103
Q

As its name implies, these rocks resemble a mushroom.

A

Pedestal or Mushroom rocks

104
Q

the larger and heavier particles such as sands or gravels, which are moved by the winds but not lifted more than 30 to 60 cm of the earth surface constitute the bed load.

A

Bed Load

105
Q

the finer clay or dust particles which are lifted by the moving winds by hundreds of meters above the earth’s surface constitute the ____________________—.

A

Suspended Load

106
Q

2 Total Sediment Load caused of Erosion by Wind

A
  • Bed Load
  • Suspended Load
107
Q

2 Total Sediment Load caused of Deposition of Sediment by Wind

A
  • Sand Dunes
  • Loess
108
Q

These are huge heaps of sand formed by the natural deposition of windblown sand sometimes of characteristics and recognizable shape.

A

Sand Dunes

109
Q

Often found to migrate due to change in the direction and velocity of wind.

A

Sand Dunes

110
Q

3 Types of Active Dunes

A
  • Barchans or Crescent Shaped Dunes
  • Transverse Dunes
  • Longitudinal Dunes
111
Q

These dunes that look like a new moon in plan are of most common occurrence.

A

Barchans or Crescent Shaped Dunes

112
Q

They are triangular in section with the steep side facing away from the wind direction.

A

Barchans or Crescent Shaped Dunes

113
Q

Like a barchan in section but in plan it is not curved like barchans such that its longer axis is broadly transverse to the direction of the prevailing winds.

A

Transverse Dunes

114
Q

The elongated ridges of sand with their longer axis broadly parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind. When seen in the side view, they will appear to be triangular.

A

Longitudinal Dunes

115
Q

The finest particles of dust traveling in suspension with the wind are transported to a considerable distance.

A

Loess

116
Q

They accumulate in the different constituents the form of paper-thin laminae, which have aggregated together to form a massive deposit

A

Loess

117
Q

No site is selected for any type of important work on the moving dunes because such __________ are always a source of trouble to an engineer.

A

DUNES

118
Q

It has been experienced that sometimes the ____________ damage certain important works.

A

MOVING DUNES

119
Q

But if an engineer is compelled to select such a site, special methods should be adopted to check the motion of the moving dunes. Give an example of these special methods.

A

construct windbreaks or growing vegetation on the surrounding area.

120
Q

The science of the occurrence distribution, and movement of water below the surface of the earth.

A

Groundwater Hydrology

121
Q

occurs in the saturated one of variable thickness and depth below the earth’s surface.

A

Groundwater

122
Q

An important source of water supply throughout the world. Its use in irrigation, industries, urban and rural home continues to increase.

A

Groundwater

123
Q

water entrapped in the interstices of sedimentary rock at the time it was deposited.

A

Connate water

124
Q

This may have been derived from the ocean or freshwater sources and typically is highly minimized.

A

Connate water

125
Q

Almost all ____________ can be thought of as a part of the hydrologic cycle, including Surface volcanic or cosmic origin added to the terrestrial water supply is juvenile water.

A

groundwater

126
Q

It constitutes one portion of the earth water circulatory system known as the hydrological cycle.

A

groundwater

127
Q

Ground water constitutes one portion of the earth water circulatory system known as the ____________.

A

Hydrologic Cycle

128
Q

act as conduits for transmission and as reservoirs for storage of water.

A

Water bearing formations of the earth crust

129
Q

This aids in sustaining stream flow when surface runoff is low or non-existent.

A

Ground water emerging into surface stream channels

130
Q

This represents the sole water source in many regions during much of every year.

A

Water pumped from wells

131
Q

This originates as surface water.

A

Ground Water

132
Q

4 Principal sources of natural recharge

A
  • Precipitation
  • Stream flow
  • Lakes
  • Reservoirs
133
Q

It occurs from excess irrigation, seepage from canals and water purposely applied to augment groundwater supplies.

A

artificial recharge

134
Q

This may return directly to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and by transpiration from vegetation.

A

Groundwater near the surface

135
Q

Ground water occurs in permeable geologic formations known as ___________.

A

aquifers

136
Q

It occurs in permeable geologic formations known as aquifers.

A

Groundwater

137
Q

formations having structures that permit appreciable water to move through them under ordinary field conditions

A

aquifers

138
Q

A formation, which only seepage is possible and thus the yield is insignificant compared to an aquifer. It is partly permeable.

A

Aquitard

139
Q

It is partly permeable.

A

Aquitard

140
Q

An impermeable formation which may contain water but incapable of transmitting significant water quantities.

A

Aquiclude

141
Q

An impermeable formation neither containing nor transmitting water.

A

Aquifuge

142
Q

True or False

The portion of a rock or soil not occupied by solid mineral may be occupied by groundwater.

A

TRUE

143
Q

The volume ratio of pores and fractures in coal.

A

Porosity

144
Q

They are of fundamental importance to the study of groundwater because they can act as groundwater conduits.

A

interstices

145
Q

These were created by geologic process governing the origin of the geologic formation and are found in sedimentary and igneous rocks.

A

Original interstices

146
Q

These are developed after the rock was formed.

A

Secondary interstices

147
Q

These are sufficiently small so that surface tension forces will hold water within them.

A

Capillary interstices

148
Q

It is the amount of pore space per unit volume of the aquifer material.

A

POROSITY

149
Q

It is expressed as the percentage of void space to the total volume of the mass.

A

POROSITY

150
Q

defines the maximum amount of water that can be stored in the rock.

A

Porosity of the rock

151
Q

True or False

Water can enter a rock only if the rock permits the flow of water through it and it depends whether the rock is permeable or not.

A

TRUE

152
Q

is an important factor and should be sufficiently large to make the rock permeable.

A

size of the pores

153
Q

The size of the pores is an important factor and should be sufficiently large to make the rock ________.

A

permeable

154
Q

2 Subsurface Occurrence of Groundwater

A
  • Zone of Saturation
  • Zone of Aeration
155
Q

Where water exists within the interstices known as groundwater

A

Zone of Saturation

156
Q

Water in this zone is under hydrostatic pressure.

A

Zone of Saturation

157
Q

Water in Zone of Saturation is under _________________.

A

hydrostatic pressure

158
Q

The space above the water and below the surface.

A

Zone of Aeration

159
Q

Water exists in this zone by molecular attraction.

A

Zone of Aeration

160
Q

The belt overlying the zone of saturation and contains some interstitial water.

A

Capillary Fringe

161
Q

The depth from the surface, which is penetrated by the rocks of vegetation.

A

Soil Zone

162
Q

The science dealing with the study of earthquakes in all their aspects.

A

Seismology

163
Q

The adjustment beneath the surface however involves various crystal movements, some of which because of suddenness and intensity produce tremors in the rocks.

A

EARTHQUAKE

164
Q

The exact spot underneath the earth surface at which an earthquake originates.

A

Focus

165
Q

The point at the surface where the waves first reach and immediately above the focus or origin of the earthquake.

A

Epicenter

166
Q

The point which is diametrically opposite to the epicenter

A

Anticenter

167
Q

The ratio of an earthquake based on actual effects produced by the quakes on the earth.

A

Intensity of an Earthquake

168
Q

The rating of an earthquake based on the total amount of energy released when the over-strained rocks suddenly rebound, causing the earthquake.

A

Magnitude of a Tectonic Earthquake

169
Q

may be caused due to various reasons, depending upon its intensity.

A

earthquake

170
Q

are caused due to superficial movements, i.e., dynamic agencies, and operation upon surface of the earth.

A

feeble earthquakes

171
Q

cause vibrations along the seashore

A

dashing waves

172
Q

At high altitudes, the snow falling is an _________________ also causes vibrations along the neighboring areas.

A

avalanche

173
Q

3 Following causes of Earthquakes

A
  • Due to Superficial Movement
  • Due to Volcanic Eruptions
  • Due to Folding or Faulting
174
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

The feeble earthquakes are caused due to superficial movements, i.e., dynamic agencies, and operation upon surface of the earth.

A

due to superficial movements

175
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

The dashing waves cause vibrations along the seashore

A

due to superficial movements

176
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

Water descending along high waterfalls, impinges the valley floor and causes vibrations along the neighboring areas.

A

due to superficial movements

177
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

At high altitudes, the snow falling is an avalanche also causes vibrations along the neighboring areas.

A

due to superficial movements

178
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

Most of the volcanoes empty quietly and as consequence, initiate no vibration on the adjoining area.

A

due to volcanic eruptions

179
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

Few of them when erupt, cause feeble tremors in the surface of the earth.

A

due to volcanic eruptions

180
Q

Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:

may cause a severe vibration on the adjoining area and have disastrous effects.

A

due to volcanic eruptions

181
Q

are also caused due to folding of the layers of the earth’s crust.

A

Earthquakes

182
Q

are more disastrous and are known as tectonic earthquakes and directly or indirectly change the structural features of the earth crust.

A

Earthquakes

183
Q

Earthquakes are more disastrous and are known as _______________

A

tectonic earthquakes

184
Q

are classified on several basis. Of these the depth of focus, the cause of origin and intensity are important.

A

Earthquakes

185
Q

3 Classifiation of Earthquakes by Depth and Focus

A
  • Shallow Earthquakes
  • Intermediate Earthquakes
  • Deep-focus Earthquakes
186
Q

Earthquake where the depth of focus lies anywhere up to 50 km below the surface.

A

Shallow earthquakes

187
Q

Earthquakes that originate between 50 and 300 km depth below the surface

A

Intermediate earthquakes

188
Q

also known as the plutonic earthquakes, originate from more than 300 km. Majority of it originates between 500 km to 700 km

A

Deep-Focus earthquakes

189
Q

2 Classification of Earthquakes by Cause of Origin

A
  • Tectonic Earthquakes
  • Non-Tectonic Earthquakes
190
Q

Earthquakes originated due to relative movements of crystal block on faulting.

A

Tectonic Earthquakes

191
Q

Earthquake owes their origin to causes distinctly different from faulting.

A

Non-Tectonic Earthquakes

192
Q

A scale of earthquake intensity with ten divisions was given by _______________.

A

Rossi and Forel

193
Q

How many divisions does the earthquake intensity have?

A

10 Divisions

194
Q

A scale of earthquakes intensity with ten divisions was given by Rossi and Ferel.

Based on the sensation of the people and the damage caused modified by ___________ and later by ___________________________.

A

by MERCALLI ; and later by WOOD and NEUMANN

195
Q

True or False

The time and intensity of the earthquake CAN BE predicted

A

False ; CANNOT BE

196
Q

Three (3) providing factors in the design of the structure to minimize the losses due to shocks of an earthquake.

A
  • To collect sufficient data, regarding the previous seismic activity in the area.
  • To assess the losses, which are likely to take place in furniture due to earthquake shocks.
  • To provide factors of safety, to stop or minimize the loss due for severe earth shocks.
197
Q

Following are the few (9) precautions which make the building sufficiently earthquake-proof.

A
  1. The foundation of a building should rest on a firm rock bed.
  2. Excavation of the foundation should be done up to the same level.
  3. The concrete should be laid in rich mortar and continuously.
  4. Masonry should be done with cement mortar of not less than 1:4 max.
  5. Flat R.C.C. slab should be provided.
  6. All the parts of the building should be tied firmly with each other.
  7. Building should be uniform in height.
  8. Cantilevers, projections, parapets, domes, etc., should be provided.
  9. Best materials should be used.
198
Q

To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, the foundation of a building should rest on a _______________.

A

firm rock bed

199
Q

To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, what is the preffered foundation?

A

grillage foundation

200
Q

To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, _____________ of the foundation should be done up to the same level.

A

excavation

201
Q

To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, The concrete should be laid in _________ and continuously.

A

rich mortar

202
Q

To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, masonry should be done with cement mortar of not less than _______ max.

A

1:4

203
Q

To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, what kind of slab is provided?

A

r.c.c.

204
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, some of the parts of the building should be tied firmly with each other.

A

false (all parts)

205
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, building should be in uniform height.

A

true

206
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, _____ materials should be used.

A

best

Civil Engineering Orientation by Renz Magtalas (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions