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BSNC 1000 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of express/understand written or verbal language

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2
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out purposeful movement

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3
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects/people despite intact sensory skills

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4
Q

Ataxia

A

Disorders affecting coordination of voluntary muscle movements
affects balance, muscle coordination and speaking

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5
Q

Aphagia

A

Loss of ability to swallow

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6
Q

Types of Dementia

A 
Alzheimers
Vascular
Lewy Body
Frontotemporal
Creutzfeld-Jakob (rare)
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7
Q

3 D’s

A

Dementia
Depression
Delirium

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8
Q

Delirium

A

temporary, impaired cognitive state
rapid onset
reversible
affects attention more than memory

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9
Q

Dementia

A

group of disorders that result in an overall decline in cognitive function: memory, abstract thinking, judgment, mood, disorientation, math ability, planning, ability to do ADL’s. may also result in personality, mood and behavioral changes

does not involve altered consciousness (LOC intact).

dementia is caused by neurodegeneration, vascular problems and repeat injury

gradual progressive disease. not curable.

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10
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

caused by impaired perfusion to areas of the brain

causes: thromboembolism, stroke, occluded arteries

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Dementia

A

no diagnostic test exists for dementia
diagnosis depends on ruling out other disorders (delirium) and thorough health assessment
information from secondary sources (friends, family, caregivers)

diagnosis can only be confirmed with a post-autopsy biopsy

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12
Q

Vascular Dementia Risk Factors

A 
chronic conditions: hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis 
age
gender (men at higher risk)
stroke
smoking
alcoholism

*anything that would impair tissue perfusion

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13
Q

Definition of cognition

A

all mental processes related to human thought

observation, integration, application, memory

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14
Q

6 Domains of Cognition

A 
Complex Attention
Learning  & Memory 
Perceptual Motor Function
Social Cognition
Executive Function
Language
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15
Q

Types of Memory

A

Working Memory
Declarative Episodic (events that happened)
Declarative Semantic (words, knowledge, facts)
Immediate (very brief)
Working (small info that can be used in a short timeframe)
Procedural (long-term retention and retrieval)

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16
Q

Definition of perception

A

an individual’s perception of their environment

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17
Q

Declarative memory

A

the ability to consciously learn or recall information

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18
Q

Visuospatial cognition

A

capacity to comprehend, retain, use visual representations and their spatial relationships

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19
Q

Executive Function

A

higher level thinking

involved in consciousness, voluntary action, future-oriented

20
Q

Scope of Cognition

A

Intact –> Impaired

21
Q

Basic Cognitive Impairment

A

Perception
Pattern Recognition
Attention

22
Q

Higher Order Impairment

A 
Learning
Comprehension
Insight
Problem-Solving
Reasoning
Decision-Making
Creativity 
Metacognition (thinking about your thinking)
23
Q

Brain Homeostasis

A

brain consumes about 20% of total blood oxygen –> requires adequate perfusion and oxygenation
fluid + electrolyte balances

24
Q

Physiological Changes of Older Adults

A 
reduced brain mass
some loss of neurons
atrophy of neurons
loss in number and length of dendrites
loss in number of axons
increase in segmental demyelination 
reduced production of neurotransmitters
loss of synapses

synaptic loss = key indicator of aging
effect: slower processing, may be slight changes in memory, changes in learning

25
Q

Areas of the brain impacted with aging

A

Hippocampus
Corpus callosum
Prefrontal Lobe

26
Q

Types of Cognitive Impairment

A 
Dementia
Delirium
Depression
Cognitive Impairment not Dementia
Focal Cognitive Impairment (only specific cognitive domains affected)
Intellectual Disability
Learning Disability
27
Q

Definition of Intellectual Disability

A

<70 IQ Score

diagnosed in adolescence (<18 years)

28
Q

Consequences of Cognitive Impairment

A 
reduced ability to do ADLs
increased fall risk 
complicated disease management 
decreased independence
higher incidence of hospitalization
29
Q

Dementia Modifiable Risk Factors

A 
Smoking
Alcoholism
Chronic conditions: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiac disease
Hearing loss (use of hearing aids)
Cognitive Engagement 
Activity levels
Obesity 
Diet/nutrition 
History of head trauma 
Environmental Exposures (pollution, toxins)
30
Q

Dementia Non-modifiable Risk Factors

A

Age (>65)
Gender (women higher risk)
Genetics (PS1, PS2, APP identified)
Congenital disorders - Down syndrome

31
Q

Primary Prevention

A 
Nutrition
Exercise
Social activity
Regular medical care
Prenatal care 
Reduce high-risk behavior 
Genetic Counseling (genetic testing, mature pregnancies)
Use of hearing aids/glasses
32
Q

Assessment tests

A

MOCA

MMSE (mini mental stimulation exam)

33
Q

Mechanism of Vascular dementia

A

1) atherosclerosis of carotid/cerebral arteries –> impaired tissue perfusion to brain causing stroke
2) rarefaction/remodeling due to hypertension –> impaired tissue perfusion to brain

34
Q

Delirium Risk Factors

A 
urinary catheters
side effects of medication
use of restraints
sensory deprivation (acute hospital setting)
fluid & electrolyte imbalance - dehydration, respiratory acidosis 
pain
sepsis 
fever
35
Q

Signs of delirium

A 
distractibility 
disorientation (time, place, person)
hallucinations
altered consciousness (LOC)
disturbed sleep-wake cycle 
incoherent speech 
impaired short-term memory 
physical signs: dilated pupils, tachycardia, diaphoresis
36
Q

Signs of Dementia

A 
impaired memory (esp short term memory)
disorientation (time, place, person)
apathy, depression, anxiety 
reduced ability to do ADL's 
wandering 
reduced complex attention
reduced abstract thought (planning, judgment) 
personality, mood, behavioral changes 
reduced math ability
problems with language --> aphasia
later stage: aphagia, ataxia, apraxia
37
Q

Dementia Treatment

A 
manage chronic conditions
group therapy
music therapy
somatosensory therapy (massage)
reorient to time, space, person --> mount a clock 
manage fall risk --> ensure patient safety
involve client in ADL's as much as possible 
positive reinforcement/encouragement 
advance care planning, directives 
caregiver education 
exercise
reminiscence 
simple communication, face-to-face
38
Q

Acalculia

A

loss of ability to to math

39
Q

Agraphia

A

loss of ability to write

40
Q

MMSE Normal Score

A

26-30

41
Q

MMSE Mild CI score

A

20–25

42
Q

MMSE Moderate CI score

A

10-19

43
Q

Severe CI Score

A

0-9

44
Q

What is the MMSE

A

Mini Mental Status Exam
Screening tool used to assess cognitive impairment in individuals
Commonly used to assess severity of dementia in diagnosed patients
designed to be used in clinical/hospital settings

45
Q

Normal MOCA Score

A

Above or equal to 26

BSNC 1000 (10 decks)

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