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BSNC 1000 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Which systems regulate the stress response

A

Nervous System

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Actors involved in stress response

A 
Central Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland (Anterior & Posterior)
Adrenal Medulla
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3
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

produced by the adrenal medulla when stimulated by the SNS

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4
Q

Hormones produced by the APG

A 
Growth Hormone
Andrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Prolactin
Luteinizing Hormone 
Follicle-Stimulating hormone
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5
Q

Hormones released by the PPG

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone

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6
Q

Catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

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7
Q

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex

A

Aldosterone

Cortisol

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8
Q

Aldosterone effects

A

promotes the retention of sodium in the DCT of renal tubules
promotes excretion of potassium

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9
Q

Cortisol effects

A 
increase blood glucose (glycogen catabolism, gluconeogenesis)
increase insulin resistance
increase catabolism of skeletal muscle and fat --> amino acids, triglycerides
increase heart rate 
inhibits immune system
anti-inflammatory effects 
decrease osteoblast activity 
decrease protein/collagen synthesis

negative feedback regulation of HPA/SAM –> inhibits release of CRF/ACTH

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10
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Factor

A

released by the hypothalamus in response to stress
controls the adrenal pituitary gland response to stress
acts on the anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

Stress Systems

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
Central Nervous System
HPA Axis
SAM System

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12
Q

SAM Sytem

A

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System

sympathetic nervous stimulation leads to the release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla

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13
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis

Hypothalamus release CRF
CRF activates APG –> ACTH
ACTCH stimulates adrenal cortex –> aldosterone/cortisol

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14
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

conceptualization of the body’s stress response

physiological changes that occur in response to stress
consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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15
Q

Alarm Stage

A

body’s initial response to stress

increased sympathetic nervous system (fastest response)
increased HPA axis
release of catecholamines & cortisol

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16
Q

Resistance Stage

A

decrease in cortisol

body selects most effective/economic response to stressor

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17
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Pathological. Occurs due to prolonged stress –> depletes body reserves. Results in systemic damage

reduced cortisol levels
reduced immune function
reduced CRF

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

successful ability of body to respond to stress

affected by a variety of factors

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19
Q

Factors impacting Adaptation

A 
Physical Health/Capacity
Time
Genetic Endowment
Age
Gender
Health Status
Nutrition
Sleep-Wake cycle
Hardiness
Psychosocial factors
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20
Q

Locus Cereleus

A

located in the brainstem

produces norepinephrine –> released into brain

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of internal constancy
body resists changes to the internal environment. internal mechanisms exist to regulate homeostasis controlled by negative feedback mechanisms

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22
Q

Allostasis

A

the body maintains balance by adapting to changes to environment
opposite of homeostasis which is a state of internal constancy. allostasis marked by change

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23
Q

Allostatic Load

A

cumulative effect of stress on the body

wear/tear caused by stress

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24
Q

Measurements of allostatic load

A 
blood pressure
cortisol levels
CRP Protein levels
Cholesterol 
BMI
25
Q

Epinephrine effects

A 
redirect blood flow from trunk --> brain (
increased mental acuity
increased arousal 
increased blood flow to skeletal muscle 
increased alertness
increase heart rate
increase respiratory rate/depth of breathing 
dilated pupils 
bronchodilation
26
Q

Norepinephrine

A

vasoconstriction in peripheral arteries

increase blood pressure

27
Q

Definition of stress

A

physiological response to an any internal/external stimuli perceived as a threat

28
Q

Stress response factors

A

Duration (how long stressor lasts)
Severity (intensity of stressor)
Resources
Coping Skills

29
Q

Scope

A

Stress-Neutral –> Challenge Manageable –> Threat Non-Manageable

30
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Adrenal Corticotropin Hormone
31
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

32
Q

Factors affecting Stress Response

A 
Age
Development
Maturation
Environment
Life Experience
Mental/Physical Health Status
33
Q

Sources of Stress

A

Physical/Physiological
Psychological/Emotional

stress response is the same for any type of stimuli

34
Q

Duration of stress

A

Acute (beneficial)
Episodic (comes and goes, self-inflicted)
Chronic (pathological)

35
Q

Eustress

A

positive stress that improves health practices and resiliency

36
Q

CNS Consequences of Chronic Stress

A 
reduce cognitive function
headaches, nervousness, irritability
insomnia
memory problems (damage to hippocampus)
confusion 
anxiety 
depression
37
Q

CV Consequences of Chronic Stress

A 
Hypertension 
Atherosclerosis
Arrhythmia 
Stroke
Myocardial Infarction
38
Q

Immune System Consequences of Chronic Stress

A

Cortisol = immunosuppressant
Lower WBC Count
Increased susceptibility to infection/illness
Autoimmune conditions

39
Q

Autoimmune Conditions

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Asthma
Cancer

40
Q

Musculoskeletal Consequences of Chronic Stress

A 
Muscle Tension --> headaches, pain 
Head
Shoulders
Neck 
Nervous tics
41
Q

GI Consequences of Chronic Stress

A 
Gastritis
Ulcerative Colitis
Irritable Colon
Obesity
Diarrhea 
Eating disorders
42
Q

Integumentary Consequences of Chronic Stress

A

Hair, skin, nails
Hair loss
Skin problems –> acne, eczema, psoriasis
Stress ulcers

43
Q

Sexuality/Reproductive Consequences of Chronic Stress

A 
Decreased sex drive
Decreased testosterone levels
Decreased sperm production
Erectile Dysfunction --> Impotence
Menstrual disorders
Dysmenorrhea 
Exacerbate menstrual symptoms
Menopausal symptoms
44
Q

Populations at Risk of Stress

A

Low-Income
Young Adults, Elderly
Women

45
Q

Appraisal

A

involves conscious cognitive assessment

how does the individual appraise/value the stressor –> what does it mean to that person

46
Q

Coping

A

adaptive response to stress

47
Q

Scope

A

Ineffective/Maladaptive –> Effective/Adaptive

48
Q

Types of appraisal

A

Primary

Secondary

49
Q

Primary appraisal

A

understand what is going on

50
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

evaluate what resources are available to address stressor

51
Q

Three Main Coping areas

A

Problem-Focused (directly address stressor)
Emotion-Focused (address internal feelings about stressor)
Meaning-Focused (address perception of stressor)

52
Q

Coping Exemplars

A 
Relaxation Techniques
Social Support
Reframing
Substance Use
Avoidance Coping
Regression
dissociation
53
Q

Regression

A

individual reverts back to an earlier developmental stage in response to stressor

54
Q

Dissociation

A

individual dissociates (disconnects) from reality as a way to cope with stressor

55
Q

Avoidance Coping

A

emotion-focused maladaptive behavior

doing unhelpful things, delaying action or not taking any action in response to a stressor

56
Q

Stressor

A

events that initiate a stress response

“stimuli”

57
Q

Types of Stressors

A

Internal

External

58
Q

Factors Affecting Stress

A

Situational
Maturational
Sociocultural

59
Q

Focus on Older Adults

A 
Diurnal pattern of HPA Axis Changes
Increased Coping Mechanisms 
Timing (more stressful events in a condensed time period)
Spirituality
Depression/Anxiety

BSNC 1000 (10 decks)

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