Module 10 Flashcards
Which systems regulate the stress response
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Actors involved in stress response
Central Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland (Anterior & Posterior) Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines
epinephrine/norepinephrine
produced by the adrenal medulla when stimulated by the SNS
Hormones produced by the APG
Growth Hormone Andrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Prolactin Luteinizing Hormone Follicle-Stimulating hormone
Hormones released by the PPG
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone
Catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone effects
promotes the retention of sodium in the DCT of renal tubules
promotes excretion of potassium
Cortisol effects
increase blood glucose (glycogen catabolism, gluconeogenesis) increase insulin resistance increase catabolism of skeletal muscle and fat --> amino acids, triglycerides increase heart rate inhibits immune system anti-inflammatory effects decrease osteoblast activity decrease protein/collagen synthesis
negative feedback regulation of HPA/SAM –> inhibits release of CRF/ACTH
Corticotropin Releasing Factor
released by the hypothalamus in response to stress
controls the adrenal pituitary gland response to stress
acts on the anterior pituitary gland
Stress Systems
Sympathetic Nervous System
Central Nervous System
HPA Axis
SAM System
SAM Sytem
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System
sympathetic nervous stimulation leads to the release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis
Hypothalamus release CRF
CRF activates APG –> ACTH
ACTCH stimulates adrenal cortex –> aldosterone/cortisol
General Adaptation Syndrome
conceptualization of the body’s stress response
physiological changes that occur in response to stress
consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Alarm Stage
body’s initial response to stress
increased sympathetic nervous system (fastest response)
increased HPA axis
release of catecholamines & cortisol
Resistance Stage
decrease in cortisol
body selects most effective/economic response to stressor
Exhaustion Stage
Pathological. Occurs due to prolonged stress –> depletes body reserves. Results in systemic damage
reduced cortisol levels
reduced immune function
reduced CRF
Adaptation
successful ability of body to respond to stress
affected by a variety of factors
Factors impacting Adaptation
Physical Health/Capacity Time Genetic Endowment Age Gender Health Status Nutrition Sleep-Wake cycle Hardiness Psychosocial factors
Locus Cereleus
located in the brainstem
produces norepinephrine –> released into brain
Homeostasis
state of internal constancy
body resists changes to the internal environment. internal mechanisms exist to regulate homeostasis controlled by negative feedback mechanisms
Allostasis
the body maintains balance by adapting to changes to environment
opposite of homeostasis which is a state of internal constancy. allostasis marked by change
Allostatic Load
cumulative effect of stress on the body
wear/tear caused by stress
Measurements of allostatic load
blood pressure cortisol levels CRP Protein levels Cholesterol BMI
Epinephrine effects
redirect blood flow from trunk --> brain ( increased mental acuity increased arousal increased blood flow to skeletal muscle increased alertness increase heart rate increase respiratory rate/depth of breathing dilated pupils bronchodilation
Norepinephrine
vasoconstriction in peripheral arteries
increase blood pressure
Definition of stress
physiological response to an any internal/external stimuli perceived as a threat
Stress response factors
Duration (how long stressor lasts)
Severity (intensity of stressor)
Resources
Coping Skills
Scope
Stress-Neutral –> Challenge Manageable –> Threat Non-Manageable
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth Hormone Prolactin Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Adrenal Corticotropin Hormone
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
Factors affecting Stress Response
Age Development Maturation Environment Life Experience Mental/Physical Health Status
Sources of Stress
Physical/Physiological
Psychological/Emotional
stress response is the same for any type of stimuli
Duration of stress
Acute (beneficial)
Episodic (comes and goes, self-inflicted)
Chronic (pathological)
Eustress
positive stress that improves health practices and resiliency
CNS Consequences of Chronic Stress
reduce cognitive function headaches, nervousness, irritability insomnia memory problems (damage to hippocampus) confusion anxiety depression
CV Consequences of Chronic Stress
Hypertension Atherosclerosis Arrhythmia Stroke Myocardial Infarction
Immune System Consequences of Chronic Stress
Cortisol = immunosuppressant
Lower WBC Count
Increased susceptibility to infection/illness
Autoimmune conditions
Autoimmune Conditions
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Asthma
Cancer
Musculoskeletal Consequences of Chronic Stress
Muscle Tension --> headaches, pain Head Shoulders Neck Nervous tics
GI Consequences of Chronic Stress
Gastritis Ulcerative Colitis Irritable Colon Obesity Diarrhea Eating disorders
Integumentary Consequences of Chronic Stress
Hair, skin, nails
Hair loss
Skin problems –> acne, eczema, psoriasis
Stress ulcers
Sexuality/Reproductive Consequences of Chronic Stress
Decreased sex drive Decreased testosterone levels Decreased sperm production Erectile Dysfunction --> Impotence Menstrual disorders Dysmenorrhea Exacerbate menstrual symptoms Menopausal symptoms
Populations at Risk of Stress
Low-Income
Young Adults, Elderly
Women
Appraisal
involves conscious cognitive assessment
how does the individual appraise/value the stressor –> what does it mean to that person
Coping
adaptive response to stress
Scope
Ineffective/Maladaptive –> Effective/Adaptive
Types of appraisal
Primary
Secondary
Primary appraisal
understand what is going on
Secondary appraisal
evaluate what resources are available to address stressor
Three Main Coping areas
Problem-Focused (directly address stressor)
Emotion-Focused (address internal feelings about stressor)
Meaning-Focused (address perception of stressor)
Coping Exemplars
Relaxation Techniques Social Support Reframing Substance Use Avoidance Coping Regression dissociation
Regression
individual reverts back to an earlier developmental stage in response to stressor
Dissociation
individual dissociates (disconnects) from reality as a way to cope with stressor
Avoidance Coping
emotion-focused maladaptive behavior
doing unhelpful things, delaying action or not taking any action in response to a stressor
Stressor
events that initiate a stress response
“stimuli”
Types of Stressors
Internal
External
Factors Affecting Stress
Situational
Maturational
Sociocultural
Focus on Older Adults
Diurnal pattern of HPA Axis Changes Increased Coping Mechanisms Timing (more stressful events in a condensed time period) Spirituality Depression/Anxiety
