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BSNC 1000 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Determinants of Health

A

Range of factors that combine to affect the health of individuals/communities

Includes the:
socioeconomic environment
physical environment
individual characteristics & behaviors
- per BCIT Concept Definition

12 determinants of health overall

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2
Q

12 Determinants of Health

A

Erudite Ironman Hid Pizza Snacks Greedily Cause Puppies Sabotaged His Ear Bling

income/social status
education/literacy
social support networks
employment/working conditions
social enviroments
physical environments
personal health practices & coping skills
healthy child development
biology/genetics
health services
gender
culture
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3
Q

Population health

A

Study: Health outcomes of a population measured by the related determinants of health & health-status indicators

Process: Aims to promote health of groups/populations and mitigate health inequities

Health analysis and intervention at the macro level

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4
Q

Health status indicators

A

Quantifiable data used to describe the health of a population. Typically these are epidemiological rates

ex: crude death rate
life expectancy
infant mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
proportional mortality rate
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5
Q

Levels of prevention

A

Primary
prepathogenesis –> health promotion
disease prevention

Secondary
early pathogenesis –> early diagnosis + interrupt disease progression
emphasis on screening

Tertiary
pathogenesis –> treatment and management of disease/chronic illness
Quaternary

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

1) study of the distribution of disease in a population & the related determinants of health
2) application of this knowledge to address population health problems

(involves statistics, data analysis, causation )

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7
Q

Types of epidemiology

A

Descriptive
examines health outcomes in terms of person, place, time
–> identify actual/potential health problems in a population

Analytical
examines etiology of disease & the assoc DofH
–> identify risk factors for illness/disease

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8
Q

Etiology

A

cause (origin) of disease/illness

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9
Q

Epidemiology methodology

A

Quantitative

measures the strength of association b/w exposures & outcomes to determine causality

evaluate interventions & monitor changes in population health over time

explanatory power –> explains the etiology of a health event/outcome by collecting + analyzing medical + epidemiological data

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10
Q

Epidemiology Function

A

Improve health & survival of populations

study distribution/causation of disease –> measure the effectiveness of various health interventions –> improve health outcomes

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11
Q

Chronic Disease Management (CDM)

A

multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on prevention, early detection, management of chronic conditions

goal: promote individual health maintenance & client independence as much as possible
collaborative. clients = partners in their own care

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12
Q

CDM Partners

A

individuals, families, groups, communities, populations

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13
Q

Disease

A

pathophysiology –> alteration in structure/function

observable/visible signs of disease
entails a diagnosis
objective

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14
Q

Illness

A

subjective perception of disease
not visible/observable
human experience of symptoms + suffering
how the disease is perceived, lived with, responded to by the client

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15
Q

Three levels of prevention

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

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16
Q

three epidemiological methods/approaches

A

Epidemiological triangle
Life course approach
Web of causality

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17
Q

Types of analytical epidemiology

A

observational

interventional

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18
Q

Epidemiological Triangle

A

Three factors that contribute to disease

Agent

Host

Environment

From a population health perspective, the epidemiological triangle focuses on the health of humans

Only suitable for simple cause/effect situations

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19
Q

Agent

A

The “WHAT” of the Epidemiological triangle

What is causing the disease? This could be the pathogen (microorganism causing disease/infection) or the organism that is infecting humans

Can be chemical, biologic, physical, nutritional

ex: Listeria bacteria or mosquitos infecting humans with Zika

20
Q

Host

A

The “WHO”

The person who gets infected & their individual characteristics that contribute/defend against infection/disease

21
Q

Environment

A

The “WHERE”

Anything internal/external to the host/agent that contributes to disease. Influences host/agent to increase/decrease likelihood of infection

Cause/allow disease transmission

22
Q

Web of Causality

A

Concept map showing all the causes/determinants of health that contribute to disease/infection

23
Q

Life Course Approach

A

Connecting early childhood development with adult health outcomes

Consists of three effects:
Latent (fetal/infancy stage)
Pathway (how early childhood leads us down certain pathways that determine adult health outcomes)
Cumulative (the cumulative effects of environmental risks throughout ones life on adult health)

24
Q

Types of Transmission

A

Contact (Direct or Indirect)
Air-borne
Vector borne
Droplet

25
Q

Chain of Infection

A

The cycle of infection –> chain of events leading to disease/infection

Interrupting the chain of infection = prevents disease/improves health outcomes

Infectious Agent
Reservoir (where it grows)
Point of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Point of Entry
Susceptible Host
26
Q

Virulence

A

How intense/contagious a disease is

the higher the virulence = the higher the likelihood of infection/intensity of the disease

27
Q

Prevalence

A

How pervasive a disease is in the population. Constitutes all ACTIVE, existing cases

New cases + existing cases / total population x 100

28
Q

Incidence

A

Occurrence of new cases

New cases / total population x 100

29
Q

Types of agents

A

Physical

Biological

Chemical

Nutritional

“Pea Body Came Near”

30
Q

Screening

A

Testing of an asymptomatic, at risk-population for a particular disease/condition

Is not diagnostic

31
Q

Specificity

A

The ability of a screening test to rule out who DOESN’T have the disease

32
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability of a screening test to identify who DOES have the disease

33
Q

Reliability

A

The ability of a test to consistently produce similar results across time/space

Reliability does not equal accuracy, but is an important trait for a test

34
Q

Validity

A

The ability of a test to correctly measure what it set out to do

35
Q

Positive Predictive Value

A

Measures a tests ability to positively identify cases out of the screened population

Out of the positively screened clients, how many of these actually have the disease

High PPV will mean more true positives and less false positives

36
Q

Negative Predictive Value

A

Measures a tests ability to correctly identify false cases

Out of negatively screened clients, how many actually don’t have the disease

High PPV will mean more true negatives and less false negatives

37
Q

4 Types of Epidemiological Studies

A

Donna Ate Every Eclaire + Icing

Descriptive –> identifies health issues, related determinants

Analytical –> identifies mechanism of disease (causation)

Ecological –> focuses on aggregate (group data)
no individual focus
attempts to make connections between variables and health outcomes

Experimental/Intervention –> clinical/community trials

38
Q

Public Health Surveillance

A

ongoing collection + analysis of health data on populations used for the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice

39
Q

2 Definitions of health

A

Negative = absence of disease. Runs on a spectrum from healthy –> not healthy

Positive = more holistic interpretation of health. One can be healthy but still have disease/condition
Health as a resource to live a meaningful life

40
Q

Multidimensional aspects of health

A

Physical
Social
Mental
Spiritual

41
Q

Stability

A

maintenance of health –> physiological, social and functional
ability to adapt to our environment (resiliency) and maintain homeostasis

42
Q

Actualization

A

Ability to live up to our fulfill potential

Health is instrumental to our own personal goals.

43
Q

Chronic Care Model Components (7)

A

Health System - Organization of Healthcare

Self-Management Support (patient autonomy/independence)

Decision Support (EBDM)

Delivery System Design

Clinical Information Systems (public access to info)

Community Resources & Policies

44
Q

Epidemic

A

higher than expected prevalence of a disease than expected in a restricted geographical location

ex: SARs, Ebola

45
Q

Endemic

A

disease that is native to that geographical area

ex: Malaria is only found in certain countries

46
Q

Pandemic

A

high prevalence of a disease globally

ex: Covid, Influenza

47
Q

Interrelated concepts of population health

A 
capacity building
determinants of health
health promotion
illness injury prevention
epidemiology
chronic disease management
cultural safety
collaboration
global citizenship
primary healthcare

BSNC 1000 (10 decks)

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