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BSNC 1000 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth Definition

A 
physical growth (increase in size/weight)
quantifiable changes i.e. increase in number/size of cells
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2
Q

Development Definition

A

sequence of physical, psychosocial, cognitive changes that occurs throughout one’s lifespan

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3
Q

4 Main Developmental Theorists

A

Piaget - Cognitive
Kohlberg - Moral
Freud - Psychoanalysis
Erikson - Psychosocial

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4
Q

Piaget

A

focused on child cognitive development
people develop at different rates, but they all follow the same linear sequence
individual plays an active role in his environment

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5
Q

Kohlberg 6 stages of development (orientations)

A 
Preconventional
1 - punishment & obedience
do something to avoid punishment 
2 - instrumental
do something bc it is beneficial to you 
Conventional
3 - good boy/nice girl
social reputation. emphasis on social relationships
4 - society-maintaining 
respect for social rules. progresses from social relationships to societal concerns  
Postconventional
5 - social contract
follows laws but acknowledges these are to serve the greater good and can/should be changed to service that 
respects diverse values but acknowledges basic human rights
6 - universal ethical principles 
self-chosen ethical principles 
abstract, universality, consistency 
emphasis on social justice
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6
Q

Freud 5 Psychosexual stages of development

A

1 - Oral (0-18 months)
2 - Anal (12-18 months to 3 years)
3 - Phallic/Oedipal (3-6 years)
4 - Latency (6-12 years)
channeling oedipal energies in a socially productive way
5 - Genital (puberty - adulthood)
earlier repressed sexual urges re-emerge. resolving these conflicts allows one to become a mature adult

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7
Q

Erikson 8 Stages of development

A

1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
7 - Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation (35-65)
8 - Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

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8
Q

6 Developmental Domains

A 
Cognitive
Social/Emotional
Communication
Physical/Physiological
Motor
Adaptive
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9
Q

Erikson

A

covered the entire lifespan
expanded on freud’s work
person needs to accomplish a certain task in order to proceed to the next stage of development
each task = opposing conflicts

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10
Q

Erikson 8 Stages of development

A

1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
7 - Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation (35-65)
8 - Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

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11
Q

Physical/Physiological

A

growth in physical characteristics (height, weight)
regulated by neuroendocrine systems
development of secondary sex characteristics
cellular changes

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12
Q

Motor

A

development of bones, muscle +ability to move around and manipulate/interact with one’s physical environment
consists of fine/gross motor skills

gross motor = large muscles –> more general movement
fine motor = small muscles –> more precise movement

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13
Q

Adaptive

A

development of age appropriate life skills
skills needed for everyday tasks

dressing, hygiene, toileting, cleaning, cooking

requires adequate development in all other domains

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14
Q

3 Groups of Older Adults

A

Young-Old
Medium-Old
Old-Old

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15
Q

Young-Old

A

65-74 years

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16
Q

Medium-Old

A

75-84 years

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17
Q

Old-Old

A

85+

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18
Q

Factors leading to Increase in Older Adults

A

declining birth rate
immigration of older adults
extended lifespan

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19
Q

4 Developmental Characteristics

A

Simple to Complex
Proximal to Distal (Near to Far)
Head to Toe
General to Specific

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20
Q

3 Main Developmental Risk Factors

A

Genetic/Natural
Environment
Interacting (Genetic + environment)

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21
Q

Genetic/Natural Risk Factors

A 
Genetic endowment (inheritance)
Temperament (individual personality)
22
Q

Environmental Risk Factors

A

Family
Nutrition
Peer Group –> social relationships outside of the family
Rest, Sleep, Exercise
Living Environment –> season, climate, community life, SE status, physical environment, exposure to pollutants
Political/Policy Environment –> policies that impact individual health
Health Environment –> access to healthcare

23
Q

Interacting Factors (combines previous factors)

A

Prenatal health –> biological/maturational factors + environmental factors
Life Experiences –> biological + environmental factors
Health status –> intrinsic + extrinsic factors

24
Q

Lifespan of women vs. men

A 
Women = 83
Men = 78
25
Q

2 Views on Biological Aging

A

Stochastic (Error)

Nonstochastic (Programmed/Predetermiend)

26
Q

Stochastic Biological Aging

A

Aging caused by random cellular damage + errors in DNA/RNA synthesis.

1 - Wear & Tear
2 - Cross-linking
3 - Oxidative Stress (Free radicals)

27
Q

Nonstochastic

A

Cellular age/death is programmed/predetermined
cells have a limited number of replication cycles before they die
Inner Biological Clock Theory

28
Q

3 subconcepts of development

A

growth
differentiation
maturation

29
Q

Developmental Age Groups (9)

A 
Embryologic
Infant
Toddler
Preschool
School-age
Adolescent 
Young Adult
Middle Age
Older Adult
30
Q

Physical/Physiological development

A

growth in physical characteristics + functional ability

body systems, muscle, bones

31
Q

Motor Development

A

development of muscles and bones
growth in movement and ability to interact with physical environment
gross & fine motor skills “refinement”

32
Q

Cognitive Development

A

development of memory, self-regulation, processing/using information (application of knowledge), relationships between self + information

33
Q

Social/Emotional Development

A

self-understanding, understanding others, understanding social interactions
emotional intelligence, ability to maintain social relationships

34
Q

Adaptive Development

A

range of skills enabling independence

eating, toileting, time management, etc.

35
Q

Communication

A

speech acquisition, language skills. development concurs with neurological, cognitive, fine motor development
sensory function + integration, interactional relationships

36
Q

Common Aging Adjustments

A 
Family changes
Retirement
Mortality 
Widowhood
Income
Decline in physical ability
Shrinking social world
37
Q

Physiological Changes with Age

A 
Integumentary
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
Neuromuscular 
Sensory
Immune 
Musculoskeletal
38
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of ability to express/understand spoken/written language due to brain damage
usually results from stroke

39
Q

Apraxia

A

loss/impairment in the ability to manipulate objects/perform purposeful acts
cause: neurological

40
Q

Elderspeak

A

biased way of communicating with older adults

using plural pronouns, speaking loudly, petnames

41
Q

Psychosocial Theories of Aging

A

Disengagement Theory
ppl withdraw from roles/society

Continuity Theory
personality remains the same. behavior is predictable.

Activity Theory
maintenance of middle-aged activity imp for aging

42
Q

Gerotrancendence Theory

A

people adjust with getting older by focusing on other/existential issues

43
Q

7 Developmental Tasks for Older Adults

A 
Decreasing physical reserves
Retirement/changes in income
Widowhood
Morality
Shrinking social world 
Maintenance of quality of life/living standards
Family changes
44
Q

Types of hearing loss

A

conductive
sensorineural
cerumen impaction

45
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

reduced sound transmission to middle ear

caused by physical abnormalities in external/middle ears

46
Q

Sensorineural

A

neurological damage
damage to neural pathways to brain
presbycusis common type of hearing loss
treated with hearing aids/cochlear implants

47
Q

Cerumen impaction

A

hearing impacted by the formation of cerumen mounds (earwax) in the ear

48
Q

Types of vision loss

A

glaucoma
cataracts
macular degeneration
diabetic retinopathy

49
Q

Glaucoma

A

eye conditions affecting the optic nerve

50
Q

Macular degeneration

A

macula = part of the retina responsible for vision acuity

51
Q

Physiological Changes of Older Adult

A 
Neurological
Gastrointestinal
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Musculoskeletal
Endocrine
Sensory Organs 
Integumentary 
Genitourinary/Reproductive
Immunological/Homeostasis
52
Q

Developmental Risk Factors

A 
Prenatal
Birth
Individual
Family
Situation
Determinants of Health
Toxic Stress
Health Status

BSNC 1000 (10 decks)

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