Module 2 Flashcards
Growth Definition
physical growth (increase in size/weight) quantifiable changes i.e. increase in number/size of cells
Development Definition
sequence of physical, psychosocial, cognitive changes that occurs throughout one’s lifespan
4 Main Developmental Theorists
Piaget - Cognitive
Kohlberg - Moral
Freud - Psychoanalysis
Erikson - Psychosocial
Piaget
focused on child cognitive development
people develop at different rates, but they all follow the same linear sequence
individual plays an active role in his environment
Kohlberg 6 stages of development (orientations)
Preconventional 1 - punishment & obedience do something to avoid punishment 2 - instrumental do something bc it is beneficial to you Conventional 3 - good boy/nice girl social reputation. emphasis on social relationships 4 - society-maintaining respect for social rules. progresses from social relationships to societal concerns Postconventional 5 - social contract follows laws but acknowledges these are to serve the greater good and can/should be changed to service that respects diverse values but acknowledges basic human rights 6 - universal ethical principles self-chosen ethical principles abstract, universality, consistency emphasis on social justice
Freud 5 Psychosexual stages of development
1 - Oral (0-18 months)
2 - Anal (12-18 months to 3 years)
3 - Phallic/Oedipal (3-6 years)
4 - Latency (6-12 years)
channeling oedipal energies in a socially productive way
5 - Genital (puberty - adulthood)
earlier repressed sexual urges re-emerge. resolving these conflicts allows one to become a mature adult
Erikson 8 Stages of development
1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
7 - Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation (35-65)
8 - Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
6 Developmental Domains
Cognitive Social/Emotional Communication Physical/Physiological Motor Adaptive
Erikson
covered the entire lifespan
expanded on freud’s work
person needs to accomplish a certain task in order to proceed to the next stage of development
each task = opposing conflicts
Erikson 8 Stages of development
1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
7 - Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation (35-65)
8 - Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
Physical/Physiological
growth in physical characteristics (height, weight)
regulated by neuroendocrine systems
development of secondary sex characteristics
cellular changes
Motor
development of bones, muscle +ability to move around and manipulate/interact with one’s physical environment
consists of fine/gross motor skills
gross motor = large muscles –> more general movement
fine motor = small muscles –> more precise movement
Adaptive
development of age appropriate life skills
skills needed for everyday tasks
dressing, hygiene, toileting, cleaning, cooking
requires adequate development in all other domains
3 Groups of Older Adults
Young-Old
Medium-Old
Old-Old
Young-Old
65-74 years
Medium-Old
75-84 years
Old-Old
85+
Factors leading to Increase in Older Adults
declining birth rate
immigration of older adults
extended lifespan
4 Developmental Characteristics
Simple to Complex
Proximal to Distal (Near to Far)
Head to Toe
General to Specific
3 Main Developmental Risk Factors
Genetic/Natural
Environment
Interacting (Genetic + environment)
Genetic/Natural Risk Factors
Genetic endowment (inheritance) Temperament (individual personality)
Environmental Risk Factors
Family
Nutrition
Peer Group –> social relationships outside of the family
Rest, Sleep, Exercise
Living Environment –> season, climate, community life, SE status, physical environment, exposure to pollutants
Political/Policy Environment –> policies that impact individual health
Health Environment –> access to healthcare
Interacting Factors (combines previous factors)
Prenatal health –> biological/maturational factors + environmental factors
Life Experiences –> biological + environmental factors
Health status –> intrinsic + extrinsic factors
Lifespan of women vs. men
Women = 83 Men = 78
2 Views on Biological Aging
Stochastic (Error)
Nonstochastic (Programmed/Predetermiend)
Stochastic Biological Aging
Aging caused by random cellular damage + errors in DNA/RNA synthesis.
1 - Wear & Tear
2 - Cross-linking
3 - Oxidative Stress (Free radicals)
Nonstochastic
Cellular age/death is programmed/predetermined
cells have a limited number of replication cycles before they die
Inner Biological Clock Theory
3 subconcepts of development
growth
differentiation
maturation
Developmental Age Groups (9)
Embryologic Infant Toddler Preschool School-age Adolescent Young Adult Middle Age Older Adult
Physical/Physiological development
growth in physical characteristics + functional ability
body systems, muscle, bones
Motor Development
development of muscles and bones
growth in movement and ability to interact with physical environment
gross & fine motor skills “refinement”
Cognitive Development
development of memory, self-regulation, processing/using information (application of knowledge), relationships between self + information
Social/Emotional Development
self-understanding, understanding others, understanding social interactions
emotional intelligence, ability to maintain social relationships
Adaptive Development
range of skills enabling independence
eating, toileting, time management, etc.
Communication
speech acquisition, language skills. development concurs with neurological, cognitive, fine motor development
sensory function + integration, interactional relationships
Common Aging Adjustments
Family changes Retirement Mortality Widowhood Income Decline in physical ability Shrinking social world
Physiological Changes with Age
Integumentary Respiratory Cardiovascular Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Neuromuscular Sensory Immune Musculoskeletal
Aphasia
Loss of ability to express/understand spoken/written language due to brain damage
usually results from stroke
Apraxia
loss/impairment in the ability to manipulate objects/perform purposeful acts
cause: neurological
Elderspeak
biased way of communicating with older adults
using plural pronouns, speaking loudly, petnames
Psychosocial Theories of Aging
Disengagement Theory
ppl withdraw from roles/society
Continuity Theory
personality remains the same. behavior is predictable.
Activity Theory
maintenance of middle-aged activity imp for aging
Gerotrancendence Theory
people adjust with getting older by focusing on other/existential issues
7 Developmental Tasks for Older Adults
Decreasing physical reserves Retirement/changes in income Widowhood Morality Shrinking social world Maintenance of quality of life/living standards Family changes
Types of hearing loss
conductive
sensorineural
cerumen impaction
Conductive hearing loss
reduced sound transmission to middle ear
caused by physical abnormalities in external/middle ears
Sensorineural
neurological damage
damage to neural pathways to brain
presbycusis common type of hearing loss
treated with hearing aids/cochlear implants
Cerumen impaction
hearing impacted by the formation of cerumen mounds (earwax) in the ear
Types of vision loss
glaucoma
cataracts
macular degeneration
diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
eye conditions affecting the optic nerve
Macular degeneration
macula = part of the retina responsible for vision acuity
Physiological Changes of Older Adult
Neurological Gastrointestinal Cardiovascular Respiratory Musculoskeletal Endocrine Sensory Organs Integumentary Genitourinary/Reproductive Immunological/Homeostasis
Developmental Risk Factors
Prenatal Birth Individual Family Situation Determinants of Health Toxic Stress Health Status
