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BIOL 240 > Module 6A > Flashcards

Module 6A Flashcards

Cultivating Microorganisms

1
Q

name the 2 contrary types of metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

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2
Q

what is anabolism

A
  • biosynthesis
  • it consumes energy
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3
Q

what is catabolism

A
  • the breaking down of chemicals
  • it releases energy
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4
Q

what are included in macronutrients

A

C, N, P, S, O

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5
Q

what are micronutrients

A
  • nutrients only required by some species
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6
Q

what are some examples of common micronutrients

A

Fe, Cu, Na, Mg, Mn

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7
Q

whare are metabolic categories based on

A
  • energy source
  • electron source
  • carbon source
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8
Q

what are the 2 energy sources

A
  • chemicals (chemotrophs)
  • light (phototrophs)
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9
Q

what are the 2 carbon sources

A
  • heterotrophs, obtained from fixed organic matter
  • autotrophs, gaseous inorganic carbon
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10
Q

what are the 2 electron sources

A
  • organotrophs, organic chemicals
  • lithotrophs, inorganic chemicals
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11
Q

what are the categories of aerobic organisms

A
  • obligate aerobes: have to use O2
  • microaerophiles: requires O2, but at low concentrations
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12
Q

what are the categories of anaerobic organisms

A
  • aerotolerant anaerobe: has no aerobic metabolism, O2 doesn’t affect them
  • obligate anaerobe: can’t grow w/ oxygen present
  • facultative anaerobe: ferment when O2 is not present, frow faster with O2
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13
Q

what are toxic oxygen species

A
  • unstable oxidizing agents
  • remove electrons from cofactors in proteins
  • remove electrons from nucleic acids
  • harmful to cells that can’t defend themselves
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14
Q

how do antioxidants shield cells against ROS

A
  • they become oxidized themselves
  • the get reduced back with things like NADPH
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15
Q

what are the categories of microorganisms in terms of pH

A
  • acidophiles
  • neutrophiles
  • alkalophiles
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16
Q

what is the calculation for water activity

A

(volume pressure of air in equilibrium with substance) / (volume pressure of air with pure water)

17
Q

what is the common water activity value

A
  • most bacteria require > 0.9
  • most microorganisms prefer 0.980 - 0.995
18
Q

how is water loss prevented in a hypertonic environment

A
  • pumping in inorganic ions from the environment
  • synthesis/concentration of organic compatible solutes like sucrose or glycerol
19
Q

how are microorganisms classified in terms of temperature

A
  • hyperthermophiles
  • thermophiles
  • mesophiles
  • psychrophiles
20
Q

what are some features of hyperthermophiles

A
  • have critical AA substitutions in key locations
  • they increase ionic bonding between acidic and basic AA residues
  • produce compatible solutes that promote the stability of proteins
21
Q

what is solid mediums used for

A

isolating a pure culture into colonies

22
Q

what are liquid mediums used for

A

growing microorganisms to high densities and enriching microorganisms in a mixed culture

23
Q

what are some ways to describe colony morphology

A
  • circular, filamentous, slimy
  • other textures and elevations
24
Q

what is a complex media

A

the chemical composition is unknown

25
Q

what is a defined media

A

the chemical composition is precisely known

26
Q

what are the categories of specialized media

A
  • selective
  • differential
  • enrichment
27
Q

describe selective media

A

it allows the isolation of specific microorganisms by inhibiting the growth of others

28
Q

describe differential media

A

it contains media components that result in unique visual characteristics

29
Q

describe enrichment media

A

it promotes the growth of certain microorganisms without including inhibitors

30
Q

what is the clonal population

A

the population of cells in that colony

31
Q

why is the streak plate method used

A
  • intended to obtain individual colonies
  • ensures the culture isn’t contaminated
32
Q

why is the spread plate method used

A
  • it is used to count viable cells
  • colonies form on surface
33
Q

why is the pour plate method used

A
  • cells grow in the agar
  • it’s easier to see discrete entities
34
Q

what is required for the pour plate method

A

the microorganisms need to be thermotolerant

BIOL 240 (12 decks)

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