Module 4

Question 1

explain why transcription and translation don’t occur simultaneously in eukaryotes

Answer 1

transcription happens inside the nucleus
translation happens outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm

Question 2

what organelles are unique to eukaryotes

Answer 2

golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum

Question 3

which eukaryotic organisms have chloroplasts

Answer 3

algae
plants

Question 4

what types of eukaryotes lack mitochondria

Answer 4

amitochondriates

Question 5

what feature of the mitochondria enables ATP synthesis

Answer 5

has a double membrane
the space between creates concentration gradients
a proton motive force is built
has invaginations in the membrane to increase surface area

Question 6

what are chloroplasts used for

Answer 6

used for cell metabolism
hosts ETCs to make ATP via chemiosmosis with ATP synthase
hosts light energy using chlorophyll pigments

Question 7

what are the double membrane invaginations in chloroplasts called

Answer 7

thylakoids

Question 8

what occurs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 8

carbon fixation
turns CO2 into organic carbon using the RuBisCo enzyme

Question 9

what are algae and plant cell walls made of

Answer 9

cellulose
has B-1-4-glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers

Question 10

what are fungi cell walls made of

Answer 10

chitin
have B-1-4-glycosidic bonds between NAG units

Question 11

what are the homologues to tubulin and actin in bacteria

Answer 11

tubulin - FtsZ protein
actin - MreB

Question 12

what are cilia and flagella of eukaryotic microbes made of

Answer 12

microtubules
several rows of microtubules form an axoneme

Question 13

what do kinesin proteins move vesicles along

Answer 13

microtubules

Question 14

how might pathogens enter the nucleus

Answer 14

through microtubules

Question 15

what are the 4 major eukaryal groups of microorganisms

Answer 15

fungi
protozoa
slime molds
algae

Question 16

which eukaryal group is phototrophic

Answer 16

algae

Question 17

which eukaryal groups are motile

Answer 17

• protozoa: varied, swimming, and amoeboid
• slime molds: amoeboid
• algae: swimming (or non-motile)

Question 18

what group is Saccharomyces cerevisiae in

Answer 18

fungi

Question 19

what group is Giardia lamblia in

Answer 19

protozoa

Question 20

what group is Dictyostelium discoideum in

Answer 20

slime molds

Question 21

when does meiosis typically occur and why

Answer 21

occurs when conditions are unfavourable in order to increase genetic diversity in hopes of increasing survivability

Question 21

what group is Chlamydomonas in

Answer 21

algae

Question 22

what is an ascus

Answer 22

“skin bag”
when a Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploid cell undergoes meiosis, it generates 4 genetically unique haploid gametes within the ascus

Question 23

what is mitosis like for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 23

produces 2 genetically distinct cells
alpha and a types

Question 24

describe fusion for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 24

only "a" and "alpha" types can fuse can't fuse with the same type 2 haploid cells become 1 diploid cell

Question 25

what do Chlamydomonas do under harsh conditions

Answer 25

haploid cells differentiate and then fuse they combine DNA in a spore once conditions are favourable again the spore will undergo meiosis

Question 26

what are the 3 stages of the Dictyostelium life cycle

Answer 26

- sexual: macrocysts form (2n) - social: individuals join to form a relatively large multicellular slug, results in the formation of a stalk and a fruiting body - vegetative: mitosis

Question 27

what is some of the evidence of endosymbiosis

Answer 27

mitochondria and chloroplasts: 1. look and divide like bacteria 2. have double membranes 3. have their own DNA

Question 28

what are examples of modern-day endosymbiosis

Answer 28

bacteria within amoeba - quickly become dependent on the relationship (shown by being killed by antibiotics) algae within Paramecium - Paramecium uses the algae as a source of carbon when they photosynthesize - the digest them for "dinner" when the light is low

Question 29

why are protozoal infections difficult to treat

Answer 29

- since they are eukaryotes, it's harder to distinguish between the cell types - antibiotics don't work

Question 30

what does Phytophthora cause

Answer 30

potato blight

Question 31

what does Rhytisma cause

Answer 31

tar spots

Question 32

what does Cordyceps cause

Answer 32

infects arthropods and sprouts fruiting bodies out their heads