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BIOL 240 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

Bacteria

1
Q

name the bacteria shapes

A

spherical (coccus, cocci)
rod-shaped (bacillus, bacilli)
comma-shaped (vibrio, vibrios)
spiral-shaped (spirillum, spirilla)
variable

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2
Q

where would spiral-shaped bacteria be advantageous

A

viscous or turbulent aquatic environments

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3
Q

what do rods or filaments (bacteria shape) indicate in terms of mobility

A

has a gliding motion along a surface

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4
Q

what are some multicellular organizations for bacteria

A

hyphae (branching filaments of cells, rods)
mycelia (clump of hyphae)
trichromes (smooth, unbranched filament)

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5
Q

what is a feature of the giant bacteria Epulopiscium fishelsoni

A

makes hundreds of copies or its genome and distributes it throughout the cell
in a nutrient rich environment (only in surgeonfish)

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6
Q

what are some advantages of smaller cells

A

higher SA/V ratio
advantageous in low-nutrient environments where high-efficiency exchange is needed
grow and evolve faster

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7
Q

how is DNA condensed in the nucleoid

A

the backbone is neutralized by being coated with cations
a molecular “glue” holds them together, small positively charged proteins
enzyme called topoisomerase nick the DNA strand, twisting it and reattaching it

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8
Q

what are inclusion bodies

A

accumulations of C, N, S, or P storage compounds

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9
Q

what is a use of sulfur globules

A

stored sulfur is used as a continued source of electrons

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10
Q

what are some examples of carbon-storage compounds

A

starch
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

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11
Q

what are gas vesicles used for

A

buoyancy control

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12
Q

define: carboxysomes

A

location of carbon fixation reactions
provides a location for RuBisco enzyme to operate (converts CO2 into organic carbon)

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13
Q

define: magnetosomes

A

microcompartment that serves as an internal compass
made up of chains of magnetite
helps certain bacteria underwater move towards the surface of the sediment

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14
Q

use: MreB protein

A

governs the overall shape of the cell (homologous to actin)

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15
Q

use: FtsZ

A

forms a band that goes around the circumference of the cell during division
acts as an anchor for the cell division protein machinery to localize
homologous to tubulin

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16
Q

use: par proteins

A

move copied components of the original cell into 2 separate zones

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17
Q

what is included in the cell envelope

A

cytoplasmic membrane
cell wall
outer membrane

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18
Q

what is the sterol equivalent in bacteria (in the plasma membrane)

A

hopanoid

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19
Q

what is a protein that aids active transport

A

siderophores

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20
Q

some roles of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

location for energy-capturing reactions
flagella anchoring
sensory systems location (detecting changing conditions)

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21
Q

2 types of strands in the peptidoglycan layer

A

repeating glycan units strand
crosslinked peptide chains between glycan polymer strands

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22
Q

peptide crosslink subunit structure

A

two sugars: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
peptide chains attach from a NAM to another NAM
not too many AA’s

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23
Q

what is unique about the AA’s in the peptidoglycan layer

A

D-isomers are only found
diaminopimelic acid (DAP is only found here)

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24
Q

formation of the cell wall

A

made of pentapeptide precursors which have a 5th AA

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25
Q

how are pentapeptide precursors moved out the plasma membrane

A

movement is facilitated by lipid carriers that are hydrophobic and embedded in the plasma membrane: bactoprenol lipid

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26
Q

what links are made for a pentapeptide precursor

A
  1. b/w NAG of the precursor and NAM of the existing cell wall: transglycosylation
  2. addition of a crosslink: transpeptidation
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27
Q

how do lysozomes work

A

attack the glycosidic bonds that hold the peptidoglycan layer together
able to generate cells w/ no walls in an isotonic solution

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28
Q

how does penicillin work

A

binds to Ftsl to prevent the transpeptidation rxn used in rebuilding the cell wall

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29
Q

what is lysostaphin used against

A

staphylcoccus aureus

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30
Q

how do bacteria resist against B-lactam antibiotics

A

produce an enzyme that interferes with the lactam ring (β-lactamase)

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31
Q

what is used to combat β-lactamase

A

clavulanic acid

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32
Q

define: divisome

A

complex of cytoskeleton components and the enzymes responsible for breaking and reforming the cell wall

33
Q

use: Ftsl

A

enzyme that catalyzes the transpeptidation reaction

34
Q

what are protoplasts

A

cells with their wall removed and maintained stably

35
Q

how does lysostaphin work

A

cleaves the glycine interbridge that is found in the peptidoglycan layer

36
Q

describe Gram-positive bacteria

A
  • thick cell wall
  • periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and cell wall
37
Q

what is contained in Gram-positive bacteria that is absent in Gram-negative bacteria

A

teichoic acids

38
Q

what do teichoic acids do

A
  • hold the peptidoglycan layer together
  • anchors the wall to the cytoplasmic membrane
39
Q

define: lipoteichoic acids

A

teichoic acids that descend into the cytoplasmic membrane

40
Q

describe Gram-negative bacteria

A
  • have thin walls
  • relatively large periplasm
  • have a second membrane outside of the cell wall made up of lipopolysaccharides
41
Q

are Gram positive or negative bacteria more common

A

Gram-negative

42
Q

what are the steps of a Gram stain

A
  1. crystal violet
  2. iodine
  3. ethanol
  4. safranin
43
Q

what does varying the O side chain in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria do

A

evades host immune responses, acts as a cloaking layer against antibodies

44
Q

what component of the outer membrane is particularly immunogenic

A

lipid A

45
Q

how is water and other small nutrients transported across the outer membrane in the cell

A

porin proteins

46
Q

what is energy-requiring transport into the cell across the outer membrane catalyzed by

A

the TonB-dependent receptor and transport system

47
Q

define: autoproteins

A

proteins that have the ability to auto transport

48
Q

what are Type III secretion systems associated with

A

pathogenic organisms that transport polypeptides produced through a hollow tube across both membranes

49
Q

what type of bacteria can produce spores

A

Gram-positive

50
Q

what are spores made of

A

a thick peptidoglycan layer and then another layer of proteins

51
Q

what do spores have resistance to

A
  • radiation
  • sunlight and UV
  • desiccation
  • heat
  • acids and bases
52
Q

what is germination

A

return of a spore to a vegetative state when conditions are favourable

53
Q

what are monotrichous flagella

A

single flagellum extending outwards

54
Q

what are amphitrichous flagella

A

one flagellum at each end

55
Q

what are lophotrichous flagella

A

tuft of flagella on one end

56
Q

what are peritrichous flagella

A

flagella all around the cell

57
Q

what are the 3 components of flagella

A
  • filament
  • hook
  • basal body
58
Q

what does the hook do in a flagella

A
  • connection between filament and basal body
  • acts like an arm turning a skipping rope
59
Q

what does the basal body do in a flagella

A
  • serves as an anchor for attaching the flagellum to the bacterial cell
  • serves as motor that turns the flagellum
60
Q

what is the basal body in a flagella dependent on

A

proton motive force

61
Q

how do monotrichous flagella move bacteria

A

cell moves forward for turn in 1 direction, backwards for the other

62
Q

how do amphitrichous flagella move bacteria

A

the direction depends on which flagellum moves

63
Q

how do lophotrichous/peritrichous flagella move bacteria

A
  • when all flagella rotate in a counter-clockwise direction, the cell moves forward
  • once a few flagella rotate clockwise they all disperse and the cell enters a tumble
64
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

means of moving in response to chemical gradients

65
Q

where are internal flagella located

A

in the periplasmic space

66
Q

how does gliding motility work

A

the bacteria smoothly slides over a surface by using small protein pedestals to grip on the surface and pull the bacteria forward

67
Q

what are myxobacteria

A

predatory bacteria that hunt other bacteria by moving along surfaces in little packs

68
Q

what does twitching motility utilize

A

pili, extensions that come from the surface and attach to surfaces

69
Q

what is the causative agent of dysentery

A

Shigella

70
Q

what are the tails of Shigella made of

A

the host cell’s actin

71
Q

what is an example of an adherence molecule

A

pili

72
Q

what are 2 functions of stalks

A
  1. attaching to surfaces
  2. nutrition acquisition
73
Q

what are 3 advantages to capsules

A
  1. can stick
  2. evade the immune response of the host
  3. avoid drying out
74
Q

what are capsules made of

A

thick polysaccharide layer surrounding the cell

75
Q

what are surface arrays made of

A

matrix of proteins outside the cell

76
Q

what are surface arrays used for

A
  1. adhesion
  2. protection against predation or infection
77
Q

what are fimbriae

A

alternative term to describe these adhesive pili

78
Q

what are “type strains”

A

the “typical” stain, first discovered or the gold standard

BIOL 240 (12 decks)

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