module 6 - social and personality development in early childhood Flashcards
what is the psychoanalytical perspective?
internal drives and emotions that are the driving force behind developmental change in the social and emotional domains
what is eriksons psychoanalytic stage of autonomy vs shame and doubt?
centres around a toddler new mobility and the desire for automony
what is eriksons psychoanalytic stage of initiative vs guilt?
ushered by new cognitive skills which accentuates the ability to take initiative
what is person perception?
the ability to classify others according traits (age gender race ect.)
what are diana baumrinds 4 aspects of family?
warmth/nurturing parents
clarity and consistency
level of expectations
communication
what is the most contributing factor to early childhood development?
family relationships
what are the outcomes of nurturant/warm parents?
secure attachment, higher self esteem, higher empathy, higher IQ, less behaviour problems
what are the outcomes of clear and consistent rules?
less likely to be defiant/noncompliant
what are the outcomes of higher expectations?
higher self esteem, more generous and alturistic
what is the outcome of open and regular communication?
more emotionally and socially mature
what are the 4 parenting styles?
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
low in nurturance and communication, high in control
what is the permissive parenting style?
high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication
what is the uninvolved parenting style?
low in nurturance, control, maturity demands, and communication, consistently has negative outcomes
what are 2 problems that make it hard to identify effective discipline?
difficulty establishing the effects of discipline
research hasnt concluded how intense discipline is needed
what are skip generation families? what characteristics do skip generational children have?
children raised by their grandparents, have higher levels of behaviour and emotional disturbance
what characteristics do same sex couples affect their children?
none
how does divorce affect a childs development?
traumatic, can experience some effects of the divorce themselves even though they arent the one getting divorced, more pronounced in boys than girls, persist in negative effects for years
why do non-intact families have negative effects on children?
lone parenthood/divorce
family transition
step parenthood
at what age does the importance of friendships/peers become increasingly important?
2-6 yrs
what are social skills?
set of behaviours that leads to being accepted as a play partner by peers
when does physical aggression increase?
age 2
when does indirect aggression increase?
age 11
what are risk factors for agression?
hereditary, harsh parenting
what are the origins of aggression?
reinforcement modelling
17-29 months
what does the epigenetics theory state about aggression?
children enter the world with aggressive predispositions
when are corrective interventions necessary?
after 12-17 months
whats prosocial behaviour?
behaviour intended to help others, alturism
when does prosocial bejaviour become evident?
2-3 yrs
when do friendships form?
18 months - hints of early playmates
3 yrs - 20% of children have a stable play date
4 yrs - more than half spend 30% of their childhood with one other friend
what is the dimension of effortless control?
controlling ones impulses
what is the categorical self?
the ability for a child to give you a description of themself
preschool age - focuses on the visible characteristics
what is the emotional self?
the ability to correctly label emotions
girls are better than this than boys
what is the acquisition of emotional regulation?
the ability to control emotional states and self regulate behaviour
what is the process of self concept?
acquiring emotional regulation is one in which control shifts slowly from the patents to the child throughout childhood
what is ones social self?
the increasing awareness of oneself as a player in the social game
what is the cognitive developmental function of gender identity?
gender identity: ability to label their sex correctly and identify other people as boys or girls
gender stability: understanding that people stay the same gender throughout life
gender constancy: recognition that someone says the same gender even though they appear differently
what is the gender schema theory?
asserting people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others
what is the biological approach to sex-role development?
predicting gender identity identity a child based on factors like gender typical play styles
what is sex-typed behaviour?
different patterns of behaviour exhibited by boys and girls
