module 4 - prenatal development Flashcards
what are gamates?
cells that only have 23 chromosomes (ex: sex cells)
what is a zygote?
a newly fertilized cell from an egg and a sperm
what do the sex chromosomes in a male consist of?
XY
what do the sex chromosomes in a female consist of?
XX
what is assistive human reproduction (AHR)?
help from an external source including fertility drugs, cryopreservation, and IVF
what is IVF?
Invetrofertilization, the process of using a lab dish to fertilize the embryo and then artificially implant it in the uterus
what is cryopreservation?
freezing multiple embryos to hold onto them for later dates to use for implantation
what is artificial insemination?
directly injecting the sperm into the uterus
does hereditary play a role in intelligence and behavioural traits? how do we know?
yes, we know because by studying twins, vs siblings or non-siblings they are more similar behaviourally as well as their intelligence
what is prenatal development?
gestation, the process that turns a zygote into a newborn
what is the first trimester? what physical changes happen during this time?
implantation to week 12, mensural periods stop, breasts grow, cervix mucus thickens, fatigue, morning sickness
as for prenatal changes… the first trimester is the most important for nutrients and prenatal health, the babys organs all develop before week 8
what trimester has the highest risk of miscarrage?
first trimester
by what week are the babys organs all developed?
week 8
what hormones increase in the first trimester in the mother?
estrogen and progesterone
when is the second trimester? what physiological changes happen with the mother?
week 12-24, the mother gains weight, the uterus expands, the mother begins to feel the baby move, appetite increases, and morning sickness disappears, increased risk of gestational diabetes
what week can the sex of the baby be determined?
week 13
when does the third trimester take place? what physiological changes occur with the mother? how is the babys activity level in the womb? what is the mother at risk of in the third trimester?
week 25-birth (40), mother begins to feel emotionally connected to baby, abdominal enlargement continues, the baby has periods of activity and periods of rest
mother is at risk for toximia of pregnancyw
what is toxemia characterized by?
hypertension (alarming bc progesterone typically decreases BP so this is alarming), increased risk of stroke
what is the cephalocaudal pattern?
development moves the head downward (brain forms first)
what is the proximodistal pattern
development starts in the middle of the body and moves outward (internal structures first)
what is the germinal stage? when is it?
the first 2 weeks of gestation, the time after conception to implantation
what forms on day 5 of gestation?
the blastocyst
what happens on day 12 of gestation?
the blastocyst implants on the uterine wall, placenta starts to form
what is the placenta?
specialized organ allowing substances to be transferred from mom to baby, secretes hormones for fetal development
what is the umbilical cord?
organ connecting the embryo to the placenta
what is the amnion?
a fluid-filled sac where the fetus floats until birth
when is the embryonic stage?
first 8 weeks after conception
what forms during the embryonic stage?
neurons (by week 4)
gonads/sex glands (by week 6)
oganogenesis (begins in week 3-8)
what is organogenesis?
the process of organ development
is the baby a male or a female if androgens are present?
male
when is the fetal period? what happens in the fetal period?
week 8-until birth, involves the refinement of organ development (especially the lungs and heart)
what does viability mean? when does viability increase?
the ability to survive out of the womb, after week 20 the viability increases with each week
what week do fingerprints, grasping reflex, facial expressions, breathing, urination, and periods of wake and rest occur?
week 9-12
what week do hair follicles form and baby responds to mothers voice?
week 13-16
what week can fetal movement be felt by mom, can a heartbeat be detectable with a stethoscope, hair cover the body, response to light, fingernails, and eyebrows grow?
week 17-20
what week does vermix protect the skin and lungs become viable?
week 21-24
what week does the baby reconize the moms voice, has regular periods of rest and wake, and has a good chance of survivial?
week 25-28
what week does rapid growth occur, antibodies are acquired from mom, fat is deposited under the skin, and has an excellent chance at survival?
week 29-32
what week does the baby position itself head down ready for birth, do the lungs mature, and has a 100% chance of survival?
week 33-36
what week is a baby considered full term?
week 37+
what weeks do brain formation rapidly occur?
week 10-18
when does neuron migration occur?
week 13-21
what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
the production of androgens in a female fetus
who typically grows slower male or female?
female
are male or female fetuses more responsive to sound?
female
are male or female fetuses more responsive to touch?
male
what week can fetuses distinguish between familiar and novel stimuli?
week 32-33
what is a congenital abnormality?
an abnormality present at birth
what are autosomal disorders?
disorders caused by genes located on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
do recessive or dominant genes typically cause sex linked traits? (what chromosome is it typically found on… X or Y)
recessive (found on the X chromosome)
what is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
baby has problem digesting amino acid phenylalanine, causing it to build up in babys brain causing developmental delays
what chant a child consume if they have PKU?
milk
what is sickle cell disease?
a recessive disorder that causes RBC deformities, RBCs cant carry enough O2
in what culture is sickle cell disease prominent?
west-african, african american
what is tay-sachs disease?
severe intellectual delay and blind
what cultures is tay-sache prominent?
jewish, french canadian
what is Huntington’s disease? when is it usually diagnosed?
usually diagnosed in late adulthood, characterized by brain deterioration and affects physiological as well as motor fuctions
is red-green colourblindness sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
sexlinked
is hemophillia sex linked or autosomal?(D/R?)
sex linked
what is hemophillia?
difficult blood clotting
is fragile x syndrome sex linked or sutosomal?(D/R?)
sex linked
what is fragile x syndrome?
causes developmental delays on the X chromosome
is hunntington’s disease sex linked or autosomal?(D/R?)
autosomal R
is extra fingers sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal D
is HTN sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal D
are migranes sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal D
is schizophrenia sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal D
is phenylketonuria sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal R
is sickle cell sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal R
is cystic fibrosis sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal R
are kidney cysts sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal R
is albinism sex linked or autosomal? (D/R?)
autosomal R
what are tetrogens?
damaging agents to a growing embryo
what can rubella cause to a growing fetus?
hearing impairment, visual impairment, heart abnormalities
what can zika virus cause to a growing fetus
microcephaly
what can CMV (cytomaglovirus) cause to a fetus?
deafness, CNS damage, intellectual delay
what can HIV and AIDS cause to a growing fetus?
transplacental transfer of the virus to the fetus
how can you reduce the spread of AIDS to a growing fetus?
C section delivery and formula feeding
what can syphilis, herpes, and gonorrhea cause to a growing fetus?
syphilis - ear, eye, and brain abnormalities
herpes - ⅓ end up in death, blindess, brain damage
gonorrhea - blindness
what is a trisomy?
condition where a child has 3 copies of a specific gene
what is the most common type of trisomy?
trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
what are the characteristics of down syndrome (trisomy 21)?
learning delays, distinctive facial features, hypothyroidism, hearing loss, heart abnormalities
what is Klinfelter’s syndrome?
a sex chromosome abnormality (XXY)
boys have underdeveloped testes, low sperm counts, language and learning disabilities
what is turner’s syndrome?
sex chromosome abnormality (XO) female but has stunted growth, higher risk for malformations (kidneys, heart), no menstrual cycle, don’t develop breasts
how does FAS or fetal alcohol syndrome affect a growing fetus?
smaller brain, heart abnormalities, hearing lost, wide-set eyes, thin upper lip, short
how does cannabis affect a growing fetus?
decrease pretrem growth rate, increase preterm birth, neurological effects
how does heroin and cocaine use affect a growing fetus?
preterm birth, baby is born addicted to the drug, high pitched colic cry, irritable, tremors, sleep issues
what does chorionic villus sampling (CVS) identify?
chromosomal errors
what does aminocentesis identify?
genetic disorders, down syndrome screening tool
what does alpha-fetoprotein sampling identify?
blood test to identify prenatal abnormalities
what does a fetoscopy identify?
gross abnormalities
