module 3 - theories of development Flashcards
what are the 5 influential families of developmental psychology?
biological, evolutionary, 3 psychology theories, systems theory
what is the foundation for the evolutionary theory?
nature vs nurture (epigenetics), natural selection
how many chromosomes does a human cell have?
46, 23 pairs
what is a genotype?
genetic material on an individuals DNA
what is a phenotype?
the visual characteristic presenting from the gene
what do epigenetic markers do?
regulate gene expression (the phenotype)… when the epigenetic marker is looser the gene is expressed, more compact it is not seen
what does the evolutionary theories try to express?
explain our differences as individuals come in species, focus on nature vs nurture
what are the 3 evolutionary theories?
ethology, behaviour genetics, evolutionary psychology
what is the ethology theory?
survival skills evolve through natural selection
what is the behaviour genetics theory?
traits are influenced by genes
what is the evolutionary psychology theory?
cognitive and social traits evolve through natural selection
what are psychoanalytic theories? (Sigmund Freud)
believe developmental changes happen due to the influences of internal drives
what is the id?
the libido, drives for pleasure
what is the superego?
moral judgment of our personality (contains norms and values)
what is the ego?
the thinking part of our personality, monitors the id and superego
what are Freuds 5 psychosexual stages? what is the explanation?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
though the process of maturation, requires the satisfaction of each need
what is Erikson’s psychosocial theory
believed development occurred throughout the entire lifespan and there are 8 “dilemmas”
what are the 8 dilemmas of Erikson’s theory?
0-1 trust vs mistrust
1-3 Autonomy vs shame
3-6 initiative vs guilt
6-12 Industry vs inferiority
12-18 Identity vs role confusion
18-30 Intimacy vs isolation
30-late adulthood generatively vs stagnation
late adulthood - integrity vs despair
who coined the term self-actualization? what is it?
Abraham Maslow
the ultimate goal in human life, completing goals you desire to
who studied the capacity of each of us becoming a “fully functioning person”?
Carl Rogers
what is the main learning theory? what is it?
behaviourism, behaviour changes based on a process called conditioning
what is classical conditioning? who coined it?
by Ivan Pavlov, conditioning someone to do something when there is a stimulus
what is operant conditioning? who coined it?
by BF Skinner, learning to repeat or stop behaviours based on reinforcements and punishments
what is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
positive reinforcement is rewarding behaviour or adding a “positive punishment” to encourage the action
negative reinforcement is adding an unpleasant consequence to deter the action
what is positive punishment?
adding something unpleasawnt, scolding
what is negative punishment?
removing something pleasant
what is partial reinforcement?
reinforcing sometimes but not always
what is Piagets cognitive developmental theory?
followed a sequence of development through naturalistic observation, theory describes the internal cognitive structure of an individual using schemes
what were piagets 3 concepts to explain cognitive development?
assimilation - applying schemes to experiences
accommodation - changing the scheme as a result of new information
equilibrium - balancing assimilation and accommodation
what were piagets 4 stages of cognitive development?
birth-18months - sensorimotor
18 months-6yrs - pre-operational
6-12yrs - concrete operational
12+yrs - formal operational
what is the information processing theory?
using a computer as a model of human thinking (includes encoding, storage, and retrieval)
what is Vygorsky’s sociocultural theory?
says there’s complex forms of thinking that have their own origins in social interactions… using scaffolding
what is the zone of proximal development?
zone of skills a child cant complete on their own but can complete with guidance from an adult
what is Bandura’s socio-cognitive theory?
states that learning doesnt always require reinforcement and we can sometimes learn from watching
what is bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory?
explains development in terms of relationships and their environemnt
what are the 4 layers of bronfenbrenners bioecological theory?
macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, individual context
what does the macrosystem contain?
contains values, and beliefs of ones culture, ex: education culture
what does the exosystem contain?
institutions of the culture that affect a child’s development indirectly, ex: parents workplace, matt leave to bond with a child
what is the microsystem?
variables children are exposed to directly, also contains the mesosystem, ex: school, family, friends, ect
what is the mesosystem?
interconnections between microsystems
what is the individual context?
the innermost circle of a childs life
what is the ecobiodevelopmental theory?
the approach in creating early childhood policies, interventions, and practices… aimed at health promotion and disease prevention
