module 3 - theories of development

Question 1

what are the 5 influential families of developmental psychology?

Answer 1

biological, evolutionary, 3 psychology theories, systems theory

Question 2

what is the foundation for the evolutionary theory?

Answer 2

nature vs nurture (epigenetics), natural selection

Question 3

how many chromosomes does a human cell have?

Answer 3

46, 23 pairs

Question 4

what is a genotype?

Answer 4

genetic material on an individuals DNA

Question 5

what is a phenotype?

Answer 5

the visual characteristic presenting from the gene

Question 6

what do epigenetic markers do?

Answer 6

regulate gene expression (the phenotype)… when the epigenetic marker is looser the gene is expressed, more compact it is not seen

Question 7

what does the evolutionary theories try to express?

Answer 7

explain our differences as individuals come in species, focus on nature vs nurture

Question 8

what are the 3 evolutionary theories?

Answer 8

ethology, behaviour genetics, evolutionary psychology

Question 9

what is the ethology theory?

Answer 9

survival skills evolve through natural selection

Question 10

what is the behaviour genetics theory?

Answer 10

traits are influenced by genes

Question 11

what is the evolutionary psychology theory?

Answer 11

cognitive and social traits evolve through natural selection

Question 12

what are psychoanalytic theories? (Sigmund Freud)

Answer 12

believe developmental changes happen due to the influences of internal drives

Question 13

what is the id?

Answer 13

the libido, drives for pleasure

Question 14

what is the superego?

Answer 14

moral judgment of our personality (contains norms and values)

Question 15

what is the ego?

Answer 15

the thinking part of our personality, monitors the id and superego

Question 16

what are Freuds 5 psychosexual stages? what is the explanation?

Answer 16

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
though the process of maturation, requires the satisfaction of each need

Question 17

what is Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Answer 17

believed development occurred throughout the entire lifespan and there are 8 “dilemmas”

Question 18

what are the 8 dilemmas of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 18

0-1 trust vs mistrust
1-3 Autonomy vs shame
3-6 initiative vs guilt
6-12 Industry vs inferiority
12-18 Identity vs role confusion
18-30 Intimacy vs isolation
30-late adulthood generatively vs stagnation
late adulthood - integrity vs despair

Question 19

who coined the term self-actualization? what is it?

Answer 19

Abraham Maslow
the ultimate goal in human life, completing goals you desire to

Question 20

who studied the capacity of each of us becoming a “fully functioning person”?

Answer 20

Carl Rogers

Question 21

what is the main learning theory? what is it?

Answer 21

behaviourism, behaviour changes based on a process called conditioning

Question 22

what is classical conditioning? who coined it?

Answer 22

by Ivan Pavlov, conditioning someone to do something when there is a stimulus

Question 23

what is operant conditioning? who coined it?

Answer 23

by BF Skinner, learning to repeat or stop behaviours based on reinforcements and punishments

Question 24

what is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 24

positive reinforcement is rewarding behaviour or adding a “positive punishment” to encourage the action
negative reinforcement is adding an unpleasant consequence to deter the action

Question 25

what is positive punishment?

Answer 25

adding something unpleasawnt, scolding

Question 26

what is negative punishment?

Answer 26

removing something pleasant

Question 27

what is partial reinforcement?

Answer 27

reinforcing sometimes but not always

Question 28

what is Piagets cognitive developmental theory?

Answer 28

followed a sequence of development through naturalistic observation, theory describes the internal cognitive structure of an individual using schemes

Question 29

what were piagets 3 concepts to explain cognitive development?

Answer 29

assimilation - applying schemes to experiences accommodation - changing the scheme as a result of new information equilibrium - balancing assimilation and accommodation

Question 30

what were piagets 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 30

birth-18months - sensorimotor 18 months-6yrs - pre-operational 6-12yrs - concrete operational 12+yrs - formal operational

Question 31

what is the information processing theory?

Answer 31

using a computer as a model of human thinking (includes encoding, storage, and retrieval)

Question 32

what is Vygorsky's sociocultural theory?

Answer 32

says there's complex forms of thinking that have their own origins in social interactions... using scaffolding

Question 33

what is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 33

zone of skills a child cant complete on their own but can complete with guidance from an adult

Question 34

what is Bandura's socio-cognitive theory?

Answer 34

states that learning doesnt always require reinforcement and we can sometimes learn from watching

Question 35

what is bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory?

Answer 35

explains development in terms of relationships and their environemnt

Question 36

what are the 4 layers of bronfenbrenners bioecological theory?

Answer 36

macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, individual context

Question 37

what does the macrosystem contain?

Answer 37

contains values, and beliefs of ones culture, ex: education culture

Question 38

what does the exosystem contain?

Answer 38

institutions of the culture that affect a child's development indirectly, ex: parents workplace, matt leave to bond with a child

Question 39

what is the microsystem?

Answer 39

variables children are exposed to directly, also contains the mesosystem, ex: school, family, friends, ect

Question 40

what is the mesosystem?

Answer 40

interconnections between microsystems

Question 41

what is the individual context?

Answer 41

the innermost circle of a childs life

Question 42

what is the ecobiodevelopmental theory?

Answer 42

the approach in creating early childhood policies, interventions, and practices... aimed at health promotion and disease prevention