module 5 - physical, sensory, and perceptual development Flashcards
what do the midbrain and medulla regulate? when does it develop by?
vital functions, mostly developed at birth
what does the cortex regulate? is it developed at birth?
perception, higher thinking, language, movement… least developed part of the brain
what is synaptogenesis?
the creation of synapses allowing neural pathways to form
what is neuroplasticity?
the use of the brain to develop neural pathways via synaptogenesis
what is myelination? when is it most rapid?
most rapid in the first 2 yrs of life and its the creation of the sheet that wraps the brain, follows the proximal-distal pattern
what is the rectular formation? when is it complete, how does it grow?
the part of the brain responsible for attention, grows in spurts throughout childhood (isnt complete til the mid 20s)
what is the difference between adaptive and primitive reflexes?
adaptive - help newborns survive, some disappear during infancy (ex: sucking)
primitive - appear by 6months of age (ex: Babinski reflex, startle reflex)
what is the babinski reflex?
toes fan out with under 6 months, over 12 months toes curl
what is the moro (sartle) reflex?
babies under 4-5 months will throw their arms out and arch their backs when startled
what is the rooting reflex?
touching a baby’s cheek will result in them turning their head toward the touch, disappears by 3 months
what are the 3 types of cries?
basic cry - signals hunger (rhythmic pattern)
pain cry - (loud and intense)
angry cry - (blood curdling with an abrupt onset)
when does crying for a baby peak?
6 weeks
when do babies begin to sleep through the night?
8 weeks
how many hours do 6 month olds sleep?
13 hrs
what is the colic cry?
has an unknown cause, intense crying for at least 3 hrs a day
what decreases colic cries?
family support, tending to the baby, probiotics, melatonin to develop the circadian rhythm
what changes with bones in a baby?
increase in length of long bones, density changes, ossification happens
what is ossification?
the process of bones hardening
when does ossification occur?
begins prenatally, continues through puberty
why is ossification important?
its required for the development of motor skills
what changes with a babys muscles?
all muscle fibres are present at birth, originally small and have a high water content, the high fat content decreases by 1 yr
what is an example of locomotor skills?
crawling (body movmement)
what is an example of nonlocomotor skills?
controlling head movement (balance, hand-eye coordination)
what is an example of manipulative skills?
the use of hands (fine motor skills)
what locomotor skill is present at 1 month?
the stepping reflex
what nonlocomotor skill is present at 1 month?
lifting the head slightly
what manipulative skill is present at 1 month?
holding an object if placed in the hand
what nonlocomotor skill is present at 2-3 months?
lifting heead to a 90 degree angle
what manipulative skill is present at 2-3 months?
begin to swipe at objects in sight
what locomotor skill is present at 4-6 months?
rolling over, sitting up with support
what nonlocomotor skill is present at 4-6 months?
holding head erect while sitting
what manipulative skill is present at 4-6 months?
reaching and grabbing for objects
what motor skill is present at 7-9 months?
sitting unsupported, crawling
what manipulative skill is present at 7-9 months?
transferring objects between hands
what locomotor skill is present from 10-12 months?
walking, grasping furniture, pulling self up
what nonlocomotor skill is present at 10-12 months?
squats and scoops, patty cake
what manipulative skill is present at 10-12 months?
shows a hand preference
what locomotor skill is present at 13-18 months?
walking backwards and sideways, start to run
what nonlocomotor skill is present at 13-18 months?
rolls ball to adult, clap
what manipulative skill is present at 13-18 months?
stacks 2 blocks, puts objects into containers
what locomotor skills is present at 19-24 months?
stairs
what nonlocomotor skill is present at 19-24 months?
jumps with both feet off ground
what manipulative skill is present at 19-24 months?
spoon feed self, stack 4-10 blocks
do girls or boys have an advantage on manipulative skills?
girls
are girls or boys more active?
boys
what pattern do motor skills develop?
cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns
why is breastmilk considered “golden”?
bc its high in nutrients and antibodies
why do premies need extra supplements?
bc their gut microbiome isnt fully developed
what is macronutrient malnutrition? what does it lead to?
too few calories, vitamin deficiency, leads to brain damage
what is kwashikor malnutrition? what does it lead to?
diet too low in protein, leads to water retention in the belly (proteins balance fluid levels in the body)
at what age do physically normal preterm babies catch up to their peers?
2-3 yrs
what are post-term babies at risk for?
neonatal mortality
what is SIDS?
sudden infant death syndrome, unexplainable death of the child with no cause
how do you reduce the risk of SIDS?
baby on back when they sleep, eliminate blankets, avoid laying baby on soft surface, not sleep in the parents bed, smoke free environement
what is visual acuity?
how well someones vision is
how well is a babys vision at 6 months?
8 times worse than an adult, develops rapidly over the first year
what is tracking?
following a moving object with the eyes
how well can babies track their eyes?
originally inefficient but improves rapidly
how is a babies auditory acuity?
almost as good as adults, can hear super high pitched noises, increases with age
how is a babies smell and taste compared to an adult?
smell is amazing, has 5 basic flavours
what are the 5 basic flavours a baby can taste?
salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami (glutamate)
how are babies touch and motion in comparison to an adult?
the best of all senses
what are the 3 basic techniques for “asking” a baby about their experience?
preference technique
habituation/dishabituation
operant conditioning
what is the preference technique?
longer looking at one object than another
what is the habituation/dishabituation?
seeing if the infant perceives change by changing the stimulus as if they act different they see the difference
what is operant conditioning in relation to sensing a childs experiences?
varying the stimulus to see if the child responds
how can you judge depth perception?
binocular cues, monocular cues, kinetic cues
what are binocular cues?
using both eyes, information fro the eye muscles can tell us the distance, begins at 4 months
what are monocular cues?
input from one eye, uses interposition and linear perspective last used at 5-7 months
what is interposition?
one object being farther than the other
what is linear perspective?
lines getting closer as they get farther away
what are kinetic cues?
motion from the eyes stimulating looking, used by 3 months, objects move more when they are near
are babies interested in faces?
no but prefer attractive faces, prefer mothers face, can reciprocal gaze at 6 months with parents
at what age can babies discriminate between single-syllable words (ex: pa and ba)?
1 month
at what age can babies discriminate between 2 syllable words (ex: bada and baga)?
6 months
what age can babies identify melodies?
6 months
what is intermodal perception?
formation of a single perception of a stimulus, based on information from 2 of more senses
what is cross-modal transfer?
transfer of info from 1 sense to another
what are the 2 kinds of perceptual development? NATURE VS NURTURE
innate (nativist) aspect
experiential (empiricist) aspects
what is the innate (nativist) aspect?
sensory capabilities a newborn is born with
what is the experiential (empiricist) aspect?
minimum exposure to sensory stimuli for it to develop
