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lifespan > module 5 - physical, sensory, and perceptual development > Flashcards

module 5 - physical, sensory, and perceptual development Flashcards

1
Q

what do the midbrain and medulla regulate? when does it develop by?

A

vital functions, mostly developed at birth

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2
Q

what does the cortex regulate? is it developed at birth?

A

perception, higher thinking, language, movement… least developed part of the brain

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3
Q

what is synaptogenesis?

A

the creation of synapses allowing neural pathways to form

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4
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

the use of the brain to develop neural pathways via synaptogenesis

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5
Q

what is myelination? when is it most rapid?

A

most rapid in the first 2 yrs of life and its the creation of the sheet that wraps the brain, follows the proximal-distal pattern

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6
Q

what is the rectular formation? when is it complete, how does it grow?

A

the part of the brain responsible for attention, grows in spurts throughout childhood (isnt complete til the mid 20s)

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7
Q

what is the difference between adaptive and primitive reflexes?

A

adaptive - help newborns survive, some disappear during infancy (ex: sucking)
primitive - appear by 6months of age (ex: Babinski reflex, startle reflex)

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8
Q

what is the babinski reflex?

A

toes fan out with under 6 months, over 12 months toes curl

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9
Q

what is the moro (sartle) reflex?

A

babies under 4-5 months will throw their arms out and arch their backs when startled

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10
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

touching a baby’s cheek will result in them turning their head toward the touch, disappears by 3 months

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of cries?

A

basic cry - signals hunger (rhythmic pattern)
pain cry - (loud and intense)
angry cry - (blood curdling with an abrupt onset)

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12
Q

when does crying for a baby peak?

A

6 weeks

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13
Q

when do babies begin to sleep through the night?

A

8 weeks

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14
Q

how many hours do 6 month olds sleep?

A

13 hrs

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15
Q

what is the colic cry?

A

has an unknown cause, intense crying for at least 3 hrs a day

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16
Q

what decreases colic cries?

A

family support, tending to the baby, probiotics, melatonin to develop the circadian rhythm

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17
Q

what changes with bones in a baby?

A

increase in length of long bones, density changes, ossification happens

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18
Q

what is ossification?

A

the process of bones hardening

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19
Q

when does ossification occur?

A

begins prenatally, continues through puberty

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19
Q

why is ossification important?

A

its required for the development of motor skills

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19
Q

what changes with a babys muscles?

A

all muscle fibres are present at birth, originally small and have a high water content, the high fat content decreases by 1 yr

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20
Q

what is an example of locomotor skills?

A

crawling (body movmement)

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21
Q

what is an example of nonlocomotor skills?

A

controlling head movement (balance, hand-eye coordination)

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22
Q

what is an example of manipulative skills?

A

the use of hands (fine motor skills)

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23
Q

what locomotor skill is present at 1 month?

A

the stepping reflex

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24
Q

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 1 month?

A

lifting the head slightly

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25
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 1 month?

A

holding an object if placed in the hand

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26
Q

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 2-3 months?

A

lifting heead to a 90 degree angle

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27
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 2-3 months?

A

begin to swipe at objects in sight

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28
Q

what locomotor skill is present at 4-6 months?

A

rolling over, sitting up with support

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29
Q

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 4-6 months?

A

holding head erect while sitting

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30
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 4-6 months?

A

reaching and grabbing for objects

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31
Q

what motor skill is present at 7-9 months?

A

sitting unsupported, crawling

32
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 7-9 months?

A

transferring objects between hands

33
Q

what locomotor skill is present from 10-12 months?

A

walking, grasping furniture, pulling self up

34
Q

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 10-12 months?

A

squats and scoops, patty cake

35
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 10-12 months?

A

shows a hand preference

36
Q

what locomotor skill is present at 13-18 months?

A

walking backwards and sideways, start to run

37
Q

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 13-18 months?

A

rolls ball to adult, clap

38
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 13-18 months?

A

stacks 2 blocks, puts objects into containers

39
Q

what locomotor skills is present at 19-24 months?

A

stairs

40
Q

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 19-24 months?

A

jumps with both feet off ground

41
Q

what manipulative skill is present at 19-24 months?

A

spoon feed self, stack 4-10 blocks

42
Q

do girls or boys have an advantage on manipulative skills?

A

girls

43
Q

are girls or boys more active?

A

boys

44
Q

what pattern do motor skills develop?

A

cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns

45
Q

why is breastmilk considered “golden”?

A

bc its high in nutrients and antibodies

46
Q

why do premies need extra supplements?

A

bc their gut microbiome isnt fully developed

47
Q

what is macronutrient malnutrition? what does it lead to?

A

too few calories, vitamin deficiency, leads to brain damage

48
Q

what is kwashikor malnutrition? what does it lead to?

A

diet too low in protein, leads to water retention in the belly (proteins balance fluid levels in the body)

49
Q

at what age do physically normal preterm babies catch up to their peers?

A

2-3 yrs

50
Q

what are post-term babies at risk for?

A

neonatal mortality

51
Q

what is SIDS?

A

sudden infant death syndrome, unexplainable death of the child with no cause

52
Q

how do you reduce the risk of SIDS?

A

baby on back when they sleep, eliminate blankets, avoid laying baby on soft surface, not sleep in the parents bed, smoke free environement

53
Q

what is visual acuity?

A

how well someones vision is

54
Q

how well is a babys vision at 6 months?

A

8 times worse than an adult, develops rapidly over the first year

55
Q

what is tracking?

A

following a moving object with the eyes

56
Q

how well can babies track their eyes?

A

originally inefficient but improves rapidly

57
Q

how is a babies auditory acuity?

A

almost as good as adults, can hear super high pitched noises, increases with age

58
Q

how is a babies smell and taste compared to an adult?

A

smell is amazing, has 5 basic flavours

59
Q

what are the 5 basic flavours a baby can taste?

A

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami (glutamate)

60
Q

how are babies touch and motion in comparison to an adult?

A

the best of all senses

61
Q

what are the 3 basic techniques for “asking” a baby about their experience?

A

preference technique
habituation/dishabituation
operant conditioning

62
Q

what is the preference technique?

A

longer looking at one object than another

63
Q

what is the habituation/dishabituation?

A

seeing if the infant perceives change by changing the stimulus as if they act different they see the difference

64
Q

what is operant conditioning in relation to sensing a childs experiences?

A

varying the stimulus to see if the child responds

65
Q

how can you judge depth perception?

A

binocular cues, monocular cues, kinetic cues

66
Q

what are binocular cues?

A

using both eyes, information fro the eye muscles can tell us the distance, begins at 4 months

67
Q

what are monocular cues?

A

input from one eye, uses interposition and linear perspective last used at 5-7 months

68
Q

what is interposition?

A

one object being farther than the other

69
Q

what is linear perspective?

A

lines getting closer as they get farther away

70
Q

what are kinetic cues?

A

motion from the eyes stimulating looking, used by 3 months, objects move more when they are near

71
Q

are babies interested in faces?

A

no but prefer attractive faces, prefer mothers face, can reciprocal gaze at 6 months with parents

72
Q

at what age can babies discriminate between single-syllable words (ex: pa and ba)?

A

1 month

73
Q

at what age can babies discriminate between 2 syllable words (ex: bada and baga)?

A

6 months

74
Q

what age can babies identify melodies?

A

6 months

75
Q

what is intermodal perception?

A

formation of a single perception of a stimulus, based on information from 2 of more senses

76
Q

what is cross-modal transfer?

A

transfer of info from 1 sense to another

77
Q

what are the 2 kinds of perceptual development? NATURE VS NURTURE

A

innate (nativist) aspect
experiential (empiricist) aspects

78
Q

what is the innate (nativist) aspect?

A

sensory capabilities a newborn is born with

79
Q

what is the experiential (empiricist) aspect?

A

minimum exposure to sensory stimuli for it to develop

lifespan (8 decks)

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