Module 6 - Phonation Flashcards
Phonation:
When expired air hits adducted vocal folds in layrnx -> causes vibration
Vocal folds are adducted -> air hits it causing separation of the vocal folds that you see
Vocal attacks:
Timing for when expired air hits glottis
Vocal attacks: (3)
Simultaneous Attack
Expired air release SAME time as vocal folds adduct
Most words
Breathy Attack
Expired air released BEFORE vocal folds adduct
“Harry”
Glottal Attack
Vocal folds close BEFORE air is released
“I” - all vowels
Mucosal wave:
During phonation: Vocal folds open /closes from bottom up
Muscles are adducted consistently with air pushing through the glottis causing separation = mucosal wave
Bernoulli effect:
Helps to vibrate the vocal folds
Narrow passage (vocal folds)
-> increase in velocity of air (faster airflow @ glottis
-> lower pressure (intraglottal pressure - PG)(@glottis)
-> suction of vocal folds (vibration - mucosal wave)
Vocal folds ‘sucked’ back together from bottom up
Fundamental frequency:
Measurement:
Determined by:
Muscles: (2)
Measurement:
Rate of vocal fold vibration
Cycle/second (Hz)
Determined by:
Vocal stiffness / changing length of vocal folds -> changes frequency
Higher stiffness -> higher fundamental frequency -> higher pitch
Muscles:
Cricothyroid muscles -> lengthens vocal folds
Thyroarytenoid muscles -> shortens vocal folds
Fundamental frequency:
Mechanics of longitudinal tension
Changing length of vocal folds -> rate of vibration (frequency)
Fundamental frequency:
Secondary laryngeal mechanisms: (2)
Medial compression
Changes mass of vocal folds -> changes pitch
Laryngeal elevation or depression ->
Change vocal fold stiffness -> changes pitch
Raising Pitch:
Vocal fold (characteristics)
Sub glottal pressure
Intrinsic Muscles (3)
Elevates Layrnx: Extrinsic M.
Vocal folds
Lengthens, thins & tense
Subglottal pressure
Increases because of raised larynx -> narrows subglottal area (@conus elasticus)
Intrinsic Muscles
Cricothyroid
Posterior cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid (? - i thought only relaxes)
Elevate Larynx: Extrinsic M.
Thyrohyoid muscle (raises larynx -> narrows conus elasticus -> increase in subglottal pressure)
Lowering Pitch
Vocal folds (characteristics)
Intrinsic Muscles (1)
Lowers Layrnx: Extrinsic M.(1)
Vocal folds
Shorten, thicken
Intrinsic muscles
Thyroarytenoid muscles (Vocalis + Muscularis)
Lowers Larynx
Sternohyoid M.
Phonation Characteristics: Sound Pressure Level
Measurement
Sound intensity correlates with (2)
Apparatuses: Control SPL (3)
Measurement:
dB/ Decibels
Sound intensity:
Proximity (closer -> louder)
Energy to produce sound (more energy -> louder)
Apparatuses that control SPL
Breathing
Laryngeal apparatus
Pharyngeal-oral apparatus
Other Sounds (5)
Breathiness:
Glottal Fry:
Falsetto:
Whisper:
Laryngeal whistle:
Breathiness:
Raspy, weak, airy voice
Glottal Fry:
Lowest vocal register
Popping rattling sound
From loose glottal closure
Low frequency
Falsetto:
Sing notes higher than norm range
Whisper:
Voiced sounds + posterior glottal chink
Laryngeal whistle:
Tight vocal folds -> vibration at anterior portion of vocal folds
High pitch
Development:
Infancy -> Childhood
Larynx
Mass / position
Fundamental Frequency
Infancy -> Childhood
Layrnx: mass / position
Increases & descends in neck
Fundamental frequency:
Vibration slower / Decreases = lower pitch
Phonation affects due to:
Aging
Cartilages
muscles
Glottal configuration
Movements
Cartilages
Harden -> more stiff (posterior 1/3 is cartilaginous, anterior is membranous) -> decreases movement -> decreases Fundamental frequency
Muscles
Less muscles -> affect how vocal folds are pushed together medially -> which affects the rate of vibrations
Glottal Configuration:
More gaps between vocal folds
Movements
Slowing
*** Breathy voice
Phonation: Gender
Males vs Females
Males have lower Fundamental frequencies vs. Females after puberty
Fundamental frequency -> related to vf mass
Increase in mass -> slower vibrations of vocal folds -> lower frequencies
