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Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy > Module 2 - Sound & Hearing > Flashcards

Module 2 - Sound & Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Sound is produced when ___

A

Matter is acted upon

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2
Q

2 main properties of sound:

A

Amplitude (loudness)
Frequency (Pitch)

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3
Q

Amplitude:

A

Sound pressure level
Magnitude of sound (Loudness)

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4
Q

Amplitude measured in

A

Decibels (dBA)

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5
Q

Decibel level that is safe?

A

70 dBA or lower

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6
Q

Decibel level that damages hearing?

A

90 dBA or higher

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7
Q

Frequency measured in

A

Hertz

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8
Q

___ depends on frequency

A

Pitch

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9
Q

Pitch:

A

The frequency of waves in a given amount of time

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10
Q

Higher pitch = ____ frequency

A

Higher frequency

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11
Q

Lower Pitch = ____ frequency

A

Lower frequency

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12
Q

Hearing helps us: (5)

A

Conversations with people
Learn by listening
Hear music
Alert us to danger
Listen to podcasts & shows (Entertainment)

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13
Q

How do we transform external sound energy -> useful Information for hearing? (3)

A

Sound energy -> Anatomy (Conductive) -> CNS (Neural, Temporal Love)

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14
Q

Hearing structures: (3)

A

Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

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15
Q

Outer Ear (3 Structures)

A

Pinna
External Auditory Meatus (meatus = canal)
Tympatic Membrane (TM)

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16
Q

Pinna:

A

Outer ear structure
Funnels sound energy towards ear

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17
Q

Middle Ear (2 Structures)

A

Ossicles
Ligaments & muscles
Auditory tube

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18
Q

Inner Ear (2 Structures)

A

Cochlea
Auditory Nerve

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19
Q

Concha

A

Depression in Outer Ear

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20
Q

Outer Ear: External Auditory Meatus

A

Conducts sound energy from Concha to T.M.

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21
Q

External Auditory Meatus: Small opening surrounded by ___

A

cartilage

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22
Q

External Auditory Meatus: medial 2/3 rds are

A

bony

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23
Q

Proximal end of External Auditory Meatus, is closed at the ___

A

T.M. (Tympanic Membrane)

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24
Q

External Auditory Meatus: Function

A

Resonator
Amplifies certain pitches, frequencies of sound before they reach T.M (Tympanic Membrane)

25
Q

Tympanic Membrane (T.M.) diameter

A

8-10 mm

26
Q

Tympanic Membrane: Number of Layers?

A

3 (0.0001 m thick)

27
Q

Tympanic Membrane is the boundary between ____

A

Outer Ear and middle Ear

28
Q

Tympanic Membrane: Function

A

Vibrates according to sound energy

29
Q

Middle Ear structures: (2)

A

Ossicles
Auditory (Eustachian) tube

30
Q

Ossicles: bone size
(Middle ear)

A

Smallest bones in the human body

31
Q

Ossicles: location

A

Extends from Tympanic Membrane (T.M.) to oval window of Cochlea

32
Q

Ossicles: 3 bones

A

M: Malleus (Hammer)
I: Incus (Anvil)
S: Stapes (Stirrups)

33
Q

What is the most proximal Ossicle?

A

Stapes

34
Q

What is the most distal Ossicle?

A

Malleus

35
Q

Ossicles: Function

A

Amplify sound energy applied to T.M. (Tympanic Membrane) to the fluid in the Cochlea
-> because movement of fluid (perilymph) in the cochlea takes more energy than movement of air in outer ear

36
Q

How does ossicles amplify sound energy? 2 ways

A

Force applied to a larger surface area of the tympanic membrane vs pressure of stapes applied to a small area (oval window) = increase in pressure / force
Lever action of the incus increases energy

37
Q

2 Muscles that help ossicles function

A

Tensor tympani muscle
Stapedius muscle

38
Q

Pharyngotympanic / Eustachian / Auditory Tube: tube diameter

A

3.8cm tube

39
Q

Pharyngotympanic / Eustachian / Auditory Tube: Describe the tube

A

Cartilaginous + flexible towards the nasopharynx where it is usually closed

40
Q

Pharyngotympanic / Eustachian / Auditory Tube: Where does it run from

A

Auditory tube runs from middle ear -> nasopharynx

41
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube: Function

A

Opens occasionally to equalize pressure in the middle ear

42
Q

Inner Ear: Parts (4)

A

Bony Labyrinth
Semi-circular canals
Cochlea
Auditory Nerve (CN VIII)

43
Q

Body Labrynth: 2 parts
(4 Parts of Inner Ear)

A

Oval Window
Round window

44
Q

Oval window (2)
(Body labrynth: 2 parts)

A

Footbed of the Stapes
Moves fluid (perilymph)

45
Q

Round Window (2)
(Body labrynth: 2 parts)

A

Perilymph exerts force on round window ->
Causes it to bulge slightly

46
Q

Semi-circular canals: function

A

balance

47
Q

Cochlea: filled with?

A

Perilymph (fluid)

48
Q

Cochlea:

2 sections

A

Scala Vestibuli (spiraling up)
Scala Tympani (spiraling down)

49
Q

Cochlea: function

A

Movement of perilymph -> movement of basilar membrane -> hair cells bend -> action potential sent to cochlea nerve

50
Q

Auditory Nerve: Cranial Nerve__

A

CNVIII

51
Q

Auditory Nerve: Function

A

Afferent (Sensory) fibres carry signal to CNS
Allows us to talk, learn, hear music (Temporal Lobe)
Move Head towards sound (Brainstem)

52
Q

Auditory Perception:

A

Ability to receive, identify & attach meaning to sounds

53
Q

Auditory Perception involves interpretation which is an active processes that depends on (2)

A

Prior knowledge
Cognitive processes

54
Q

Auditory Perception relies on ___cortex and association areas

A

Auditory cortex

55
Q

Auditory Perception examples:

A

Recognising someone by their voice
Hearing sirens

56
Q

Conduction Deafness:
Impacted structure -> Dysfunction

A

Impacted structure:
Impacted structures from outer, middle, inner ear (before action potential)

Dysfunction:
Deafness due to Impacted sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear

57
Q

Sensorineural Deafness
Impacted structure -> Dysfunction

A

Impacted structure
Problem after action potential
CNVIII
Temporal lobe
Impacted Neural structures from cochlear hair cells -> auditory cortical cells

Dysfunction:
deafness

58
Q

Tinnitus
Impacted structure -> Dysfunction

Sensorineural / conduction deafness?

A

Impacted structure
Disorder of the cochlear

Dysfunction:
Ringing/ clicking sounds in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli

59
Q

Meniere’s syndrome
Impacted structure -> Dysfunction

Sensorineural / conduction deafness?

A

Impacted structure:
Entire labyrinth disorder (including cochlea + semicircular canals)

Dysfunction:
Causes vertigo
Nausea
vomiting

Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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