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Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy > Module 2 - Sound & Hearing > Flashcards

Module 2 - Sound & Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Sound is produced when ___

A

Matter is acted upon

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2
Q

2 main properties of sound:

A

Amplitude (loudness)
Frequency (Pitch)

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3
Q

Amplitude:

A

Sound pressure level
Magnitude of sound (Loudness)

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4
Q

Amplitude measured in

A

Decibels (dBA)

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5
Q

Decibel level that is safe?

A

70 dBA or lower

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6
Q

Decibel level that damages hearing?

A

90 dBA or higher

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7
Q

Frequency measured in

A

Hertz

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8
Q

___ depends on frequency

A

Pitch

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9
Q

Pitch:

A

The frequency of waves in a given amount of time

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10
Q

Higher pitch = ____ frequency

A

Higher frequency

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11
Q

Lower Pitch = ____ frequency

A

Lower frequency

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12
Q

Hearing helps us: (5)

A

Conversations with people
Learn by listening
Hear music
Alert us to danger
Listen to podcasts & shows (Entertainment)

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13
Q

How do we transform external sound energy -> useful Information for hearing? (3)

A

Sound energy -> Anatomy (Conductive) -> CNS (Neural, Temporal Love)

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14
Q

Hearing structures: (3)

A

Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

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15
Q

Outer Ear (3 Structures)

A

Pinna
External Auditory Meatus (meatus = canal)
Tympatic Membrane (TM)

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16
Q

Pinna:

A

Outer ear structure
Funnels sound energy towards ear

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17
Q

Middle Ear (2 Structures)

A

Ossicles
Ligaments & muscles
Auditory tube

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18
Q

Inner Ear (2 Structures)

A

Cochlea
Auditory Nerve

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19
Q

Concha

A

Depression in Outer Ear

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20
Q

Outer Ear: External Auditory Meatus

A

Conducts sound energy from Concha to T.M.

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21
Q

External Auditory Meatus: Small opening surrounded by ___

A

cartilage

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22
Q

External Auditory Meatus: medial 2/3 rds are

A

bony

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23
Q

Proximal end of External Auditory Meatus, is closed at the ___

A

T.M. (Tympanic Membrane)

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24
Q

External Auditory Meatus: Function

A

Resonator
Amplifies certain pitches, frequencies of sound before they reach T.M (Tympanic Membrane)

25
Tympanic Membrane (T.M.) diameter
8-10 mm
26
Tympanic Membrane: Number of Layers?
3 (0.0001 m thick)
27
Tympanic Membrane is the boundary between ____
Outer Ear and middle Ear
28
Tympanic Membrane: Function
Vibrates according to sound energy
29
Middle Ear structures: (2)
Ossicles Auditory (Eustachian) tube
30
Ossicles: bone size (Middle ear)
Smallest bones in the human body
31
Ossicles: location
Extends from Tympanic Membrane (T.M.) to oval window of Cochlea
32
Ossicles: 3 bones
M: Malleus (Hammer) I: Incus (Anvil) S: Stapes (Stirrups)
33
What is the most proximal Ossicle?
Stapes
34
What is the most distal Ossicle?
Malleus
35
Ossicles: Function
Amplify sound energy applied to T.M. (Tympanic Membrane) to the fluid in the Cochlea -> because movement of fluid (perilymph) in the cochlea takes more energy than movement of air in outer ear
36
How does ossicles amplify sound energy? 2 ways
Force applied to a larger surface area of the tympanic membrane vs pressure of stapes applied to a small area (oval window) = increase in pressure / force Lever action of the incus increases energy
37
2 Muscles that help ossicles function
Tensor tympani muscle Stapedius muscle
38
Pharyngotympanic / Eustachian / Auditory Tube: tube diameter
3.8cm tube
39
Pharyngotympanic / Eustachian / Auditory Tube: Describe the tube
Cartilaginous + flexible towards the nasopharynx where it is usually closed
40
Pharyngotympanic / Eustachian / Auditory Tube: Where does it run from
Auditory tube runs from middle ear -> nasopharynx
41
Pharyngotympanic Tube: Function
Opens occasionally to equalize pressure in the middle ear
42
Inner Ear: Parts (4)
Bony Labyrinth Semi-circular canals Cochlea Auditory Nerve (CN VIII)
43
Body Labrynth: 2 parts (4 Parts of Inner Ear)
Oval Window Round window
44
Oval window (2) (Body labrynth: 2 parts)
Footbed of the Stapes Moves fluid (perilymph)
45
Round Window (2) (Body labrynth: 2 parts)
Perilymph exerts force on round window -> Causes it to bulge slightly
46
Semi-circular canals: function
balance
47
Cochlea: filled with?
Perilymph (fluid)
48
Cochlea: 2 sections
Scala Vestibuli (spiraling up) Scala Tympani (spiraling down)
49
Cochlea: function
Movement of perilymph -> movement of basilar membrane -> hair cells bend -> action potential sent to cochlea nerve
50
Auditory Nerve: Cranial Nerve__
CNVIII
51
Auditory Nerve: Function
Afferent (Sensory) fibres carry signal to CNS Allows us to talk, learn, hear music (Temporal Lobe) Move Head towards sound (Brainstem)
52
Auditory Perception:
Ability to receive, identify & attach meaning to sounds
53
Auditory Perception involves interpretation which is an active processes that depends on (2)
Prior knowledge Cognitive processes
54
Auditory Perception relies on ___cortex and association areas
Auditory cortex
55
Auditory Perception examples:
Recognising someone by their voice Hearing sirens
56
Conduction Deafness: Impacted structure -> Dysfunction
Impacted structure: Impacted structures from outer, middle, inner ear (before action potential) Dysfunction: Deafness due to Impacted sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear
57
Sensorineural Deafness Impacted structure -> Dysfunction
Impacted structure Problem after action potential CNVIII Temporal lobe Impacted Neural structures from cochlear hair cells -> auditory cortical cells Dysfunction: deafness
58
Tinnitus Impacted structure -> Dysfunction Sensorineural / conduction deafness?
Impacted structure Disorder of the cochlear Dysfunction: Ringing/ clicking sounds in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli
59
Meniere's syndrome Impacted structure -> Dysfunction Sensorineural / conduction deafness?
Impacted structure: Entire labyrinth disorder (including cochlea + semicircular canals) Dysfunction: Causes vertigo Nausea vomiting

Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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