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Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy > Module 3 - Axial Skeleton - Vertebral Column - Abs - Respiratory > Flashcards

Module 3 - Axial Skeleton - Vertebral Column - Abs - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the skeletal system: (2)

A

Axial Skeleton (Central)
Appendicular Skeleton (the Rest)

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2
Q

Axial skeleton
Structures: (5)

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage (ribs, costal cartilage, sternum)

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3
Q

Vertebral Column:
Functions (7)

A

Support head, arms & trunk
Weight bearing
Posture
Scaffolding for breathing mechanisms
Attachment site of ribs & muscles
Protection (of spinal cord & blood supply)
Movement

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4
Q

Vertebral Column: Functions
Movements -
Sagittal Plane
(2)

A

Flexion: Bend forward
Extension: bend backwards

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5
Q

Vertebral Column: Functions
Movements -
Coronal Plane
(1)

A

Lateral Flexion: Side bending
Don’t use words (adduction & abduction)

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6
Q

Vertebral Column: Functions
Movements:
Transverse Plane
(1)

A

Rotation (of head, or waist area)
There is no medial or lateral rotation (only in legs and arms, not the vertebral column)

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7
Q

Vertebral Column:
Segments / Regions (5)

A

33 segments
C7: 7 Cervical Vertebrae
T12: 12 Thoracic Vertebrae
L5: 5 Lumbar Vertebrae
S5: 5 Sacral Vertebrae
:1 (4 parts) Coccyx Vertebrae

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8
Q

Vertebral Column:
Primary Curvatures
Convex/concave Posteriorly

A

Convex posteriorly

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9
Q

Vertebral Column:
Primary Curvatures
Vertebrae segments? (2)

A

Thoracic (T12)
Sacral (S5)

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10
Q

Vertebral Column:
Primary Curvatures
Develop when?

A

Utero

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11
Q

Vertebral Column:
Secondary Curvatures
Develop when?

A

after birth

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12
Q

Vertebral Column:
Secondary Curvatures
Convex / concave posteriorly

A

Concave posteriorly

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13
Q

Vertebral Column:
Secondary Curvatures
Vertebrae Segments?

A

Cervical (C7)
Lumbar (L5)

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14
Q

Vertebral Column:
Primary + Secondary Curvatures
Functions (2)

A

Absorb weight bearing forces during locomotion (walking)
Help balance weight over lower limbs

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15
Q

Vertebral Column:
Vertebral bones structure / Function

(6)

A

Spinous & transverse process
attachment for muscles & ligaments

Pedicle:
Forms the vertebral arch protects the spinal cord

Body
Weight bearing

Lamina
Forms the vertebral arch with the pedicle, protects spinal cord

Transverse Process
Attachment for muscles & ligaments

Vertebral arch forms Vertebral foramen
Protect spinal cord

Articulator Process
For joints

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16
Q

Distinctive features of Vertebraes
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Saccral
Coccyx

A

Cervical Vertebrae
Bifid SP
Small body

Thoracic Vertebrae
Long inferiorly directed SP
Hear shaped body
Facets for rib articulation

Lumbar Vertebrae
Large body
Thick wide SP

Saccral Vertebrae
Fused
thick

Coccyx Vertebrae
fused

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17
Q

Vertebral Column:
Vertebral Canal

A

Multiple Vertebrae (vertebral foramen) joined together and makes a long tube or canal

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18
Q

Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Foramen

A

Sagittal plane:
Smaller spaces that allow spinal nerves to pass from the spinal cord to the body
Formed by superior & inferior vertebral notches

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19
Q

Vertebral Column:
Anterior Intervertebral Joints / Discs

  • what are they?
  • what percentage of vertebral column do they make up?
A

Joints between vertebrae bodies
Makes up 25% of vertebral column length

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20
Q

Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Discs

Thicker regions in which segments of the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar
Cervical regions

Allows for increase range of motion & extension of the vertebral column

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21
Q

Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Discs/ Joints

Structure: (2)

Cartilaginous / synovial / fibrous

A

Annulus Fibrosus
Outer layer of the intervertebral Joint

Nucleus Pulposus
Inner area of the intervertebral Joint
Gelatinous and compressible

Cartilaginous

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22
Q

Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Discs/ Joints

Nucleus pulposus
Function / Dysfunction

A

Function:
gives shock absorbing properties
Allows movement: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, twisting

Dysfunction:
May herniate (slipped disc)
May place pressure on spinal cord or nerve

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23
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

4 muscles

A

(Superficial -> Deep)
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis

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24
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Rectus abdominis:
Location

A

Location:
Muscles on either side of medial line
Under rectus sheath which is medial to external oblique

25
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Rectus abdominis:
Attachment (3)
Function

A

Attachment: (superior -> inferior
Lower sternum
Costal cartilages (5th, 6th, 7th)
Coxal bone

Function:
Depresses lower ribs & sternum

26
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

External Obliques:
Location

A

Location:
Superficial to rectus abdominis

27
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

External Obliques:
Attachment (2)
Function (2)

A

Attachment:
Lower 8 ribs
Coxal bone

Function
Pulls lower 8 ribs downward
Forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward

28
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Internal Obliques:
location

A

Location:
Deeper than external oblique

29
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Internal Obliques:
Attachment (2)
Function (2)

A

Attachment
Lower three or four ribs
Coxal bone

Functions
Pulls the lower ribs downward
Forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward

30
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Transversus Abdominis
(Extensor)
Location

A

Location:
Deeper than internal obliques & rectus abdominis

31
Q

Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Transversus Abdominis
Attachment (2)
Function (2)

A

Attachment
Lower 3-4 ribs
Coxal Bone

Function
Pulls lower ribs downward
Forces front and side of the abdominal wall inward

32
Q

Vertebral Column:
Flexors

Scalene Muscles:
(3)

A

Anterior Scalenes
Middle Scalenes
Posterior Scalenes

33
Q

Vertebral Column:
Flexors

Scalene Muscles:
Function (2)
Nerve innervation (1)

A

Function:
Flexion at the neck
Act as accessory muscles of respiration

Nerve Innervation:
Cervical Nerves

34
Q

Vertebral Column:
Extensors (2)

A

Erector spinae group
Transversospinales group

35
Q

Respiration:

Inspire:
Functions (2)

A

Inspire (Breath In)
Functions:
Smell
Get oxygen to lungs

36
Q

Respiration:

Expire:
Functions (3)

A

Expire (Breathe Out)
Functions:
Get carbon dioxide out
Cough
speak

37
Q

Respiration:
Structures

Upper Respiratory Tract:
(4)

A

Sinuses
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx

38
Q

Respiration:
Upper Respiratory Tract

Sinuses:

A

Air filled spaces in the skull
Mucus can drain out and air is able to flow through sinuses

39
Q

Respiration:
Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity:
Location

A

Location:
Extends from External Nares -> Internal Nares

40
Q

Respiration:
Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity:
Conchae (3) / Function

A

Folds of tissue (turbinates)

Conchae
Superior Nasal Conchae
Middle Nasal Conchae
Inferior Nasal Conchae

41
Q

Respiration:
Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity:
Function (2)

A

Function:
Primary passageway for air entering respiratory system
Narrow passageway between conchae ensures air comes into contact with nasal mucosa (humidify)

42
Q

Respiration:
Upper Respiratory Tract

Pharynx
Components (3)

A

Components
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngophraynx

43
Q

Respiration:
Upper Respiratory Tract

Pharynx
Function

A

Function:
Passageway for air entering respiratory system

44
Q

Respiration:
Structures
Lower Respiratory Tract:
(4)

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Broncioles

45
Q

Respiration:
Structures
Lower Respiratory Tract:
Function

A

Function
Contains the gas exchanging part of the apparatus

46
Q

Respiration:
Structures
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Pulmonary airways:
Components (4)

A

Components
Larynx
Trachea
Brochi
Brochioles

47
Q

Respiration:
Structures
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Lungs
Components (3)

A

Components
Left & Right Lungs
Lobes
Alveoli (Alveolar Sacs)

48
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Layrnx
Location

A

Location:
Above trachea

49
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Layrnx
Structural Elements / Function

A

Structural Elements / Function
Epiglottis
Lid over the glottis.
Prevents food into trachea
Glottis
Opening in the larynx
Vocal folds
Produce sounds through phonation (vibrations with expiration of air)

50
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Trachea
Location
Structure (2)

A

Location:
Anterior to oesophagus
Inferior to larynx

Main function:
Carry air in and out of lungs

Structural Components -> Funciton
Posterior c-shaped cartilage rings
Allows the tube to flex when breathing
Prevents collapse of trachea
Carina
Where trachea divides into two for right and left lungs

51
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Bronchi Branches
Structure (5)
Function

A

Structure:
Large tubes connected to trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Smaller branches
Terminal Bronchioles

Function:
Directs airflow to your lungs

52
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Bronchi Branches

Bronchodilation:

A

Process:
Increase air flow by increasing diameter of Bronchi

53
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Bronchi Branches

Bronchoconstriction:

A

Process
Decreases airflow by decreasing diameter of Bronchi

54
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Conducting zones:
Structures
Upper respiratory system (3)
Lower respiratory system (5)
Function

A

Structures:
Upper respiratory system:
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Lower respiratory system
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

Functions:
Not involved in gas exchange
Provides passageways that allow air -> alveoli

55
Q

Respiration:
Lower Respiratory Tract:

Respiratory Zones
Structures (4)
Function

A

Structures
Respiratory Bronchioles (after terminal bronchioles)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

Function:
Participate in gas exchange

56
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract: Process

A

Conducing zones:
Larynx ->
Trachea - >
Primary Bronchi (at the carina) ->
Secondary Bronchi (lobar) ->
Tertiary Bronchi (segmental) ->
Bronchioles ->
Terminal Bronchioles ->

Respiratory zones:
Respiratory Bronchioles ->
Alveolar ducts ->
Alveolar sacs ->
Alveoli (wrapped with capillaries)

57
Q

Lungs
Function
Structure (2)

A

Function:
Organ for breathing

Structure:
Porous, spongy cone shaped
Right Lung
Lobes
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Left Lung
Lobes
Superior
Inferior
Less lobes for heart

58
Q

Lungs:
Pleural membranes & fluid

Structures (3)
Function

A

Structure:
Visceral Pleura
Thin membrane around each lung
Parietal Pleura
Inner chest wall
Parietal Flud
Fluid between parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Function
Pleural linkage
Acts to connect the lungs to the chest
Allows the expansion of the ribcage to translate to expansion of the lungs

Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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