Module 3 - Axial Skeleton - Vertebral Column - Abs - Respiratory Flashcards by Rose Hsieh

What makes up the skeletal system: (2)

Axial Skeleton (Central)
Appendicular Skeleton (the Rest)

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Axial skeleton
Structures: (5)

Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage (ribs, costal cartilage, sternum)

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Vertebral Column:
Functions (7)

Support head, arms & trunk
Weight bearing
Posture
Scaffolding for breathing mechanisms
Attachment site of ribs & muscles
Protection (of spinal cord & blood supply)
Movement

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Vertebral Column: Functions
Movements -
Sagittal Plane
(2)

Flexion: Bend forward
Extension: bend backwards

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Vertebral Column: Functions
Movements -
Coronal Plane
(1)

Lateral Flexion: Side bending
Don’t use words (adduction & abduction)

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Vertebral Column: Functions
Movements:
Transverse Plane
(1)

Rotation (of head, or waist area)
There is no medial or lateral rotation (only in legs and arms, not the vertebral column)

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Vertebral Column:
Segments / Regions (5)

33 segments
C7: 7 Cervical Vertebrae
T12: 12 Thoracic Vertebrae
L5: 5 Lumbar Vertebrae
S5: 5 Sacral Vertebrae
:1 (4 parts) Coccyx Vertebrae

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Vertebral Column:
Primary Curvatures
Convex/concave Posteriorly

Convex posteriorly

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Vertebral Column:
Primary Curvatures
Vertebrae segments? (2)

Thoracic (T12)
Sacral (S5)

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Vertebral Column:
Primary Curvatures
Develop when?

Utero

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Vertebral Column:
Secondary Curvatures
Develop when?

after birth

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Vertebral Column:
Secondary Curvatures
Convex / concave posteriorly

Concave posteriorly

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Vertebral Column:
Secondary Curvatures
Vertebrae Segments?

Cervical (C7)
Lumbar (L5)

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Vertebral Column:
Primary + Secondary Curvatures
Functions (2)

Absorb weight bearing forces during locomotion (walking)
Help balance weight over lower limbs

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Vertebral Column:
Vertebral bones structure / Function

(6)

Spinous & transverse process
attachment for muscles & ligaments

Pedicle:
Forms the vertebral arch protects the spinal cord

Body
Weight bearing

Lamina
Forms the vertebral arch with the pedicle, protects spinal cord

Transverse Process
Attachment for muscles & ligaments

Vertebral arch forms Vertebral foramen
Protect spinal cord

Articulator Process
For joints

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Distinctive features of Vertebraes
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Saccral
Coccyx

Cervical Vertebrae
Bifid SP
Small body

Thoracic Vertebrae
Long inferiorly directed SP
Hear shaped body
Facets for rib articulation

Lumbar Vertebrae
Large body
Thick wide SP

Saccral Vertebrae
Fused
thick

Coccyx Vertebrae
fused

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Vertebral Column:
Vertebral Canal

Multiple Vertebrae (vertebral foramen) joined together and makes a long tube or canal

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Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Foramen

Sagittal plane:
Smaller spaces that allow spinal nerves to pass from the spinal cord to the body
Formed by superior & inferior vertebral notches

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Vertebral Column:
Anterior Intervertebral Joints / Discs

what are they?
what percentage of vertebral column do they make up?

Joints between vertebrae bodies
Makes up 25% of vertebral column length

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Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Discs

Thicker regions in which segments of the vertebral column?

Lumbar
Cervical regions

Allows for increase range of motion & extension of the vertebral column

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Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Discs/ Joints

Structure: (2)

Cartilaginous / synovial / fibrous

Annulus Fibrosus
Outer layer of the intervertebral Joint

Nucleus Pulposus
Inner area of the intervertebral Joint
Gelatinous and compressible

Cartilaginous

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Vertebral Column:
Intervertebral Discs/ Joints

Nucleus pulposus
Function / Dysfunction

Function:
gives shock absorbing properties
Allows movement: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, twisting

Dysfunction:
May herniate (slipped disc)
May place pressure on spinal cord or nerve

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Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

4 muscles

(Superficial -> Deep)
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis

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Vertebral Column:
Abdominal Wall Musculature:

Rectus abdominis:
Location

Location:
Muscles on either side of medial line
Under rectus sheath which is medial to external oblique

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: Rectus abdominis: Attachment (3) Function

Attachment: (superior -> inferior Lower sternum Costal cartilages (5th, 6th, 7th) Coxal bone Function: Depresses lower ribs & sternum

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: External Obliques: Location

Location: Superficial to rectus abdominis

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: External Obliques: Attachment (2) Function (2)

Attachment: Lower 8 ribs Coxal bone Function Pulls lower 8 ribs downward Forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: Internal Obliques: location

Location: Deeper than external oblique

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: Internal Obliques: Attachment (2) Function (2)

Attachment Lower three or four ribs Coxal bone Functions Pulls the lower ribs downward Forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: Transversus Abdominis (Extensor) Location

Location: Deeper than internal obliques & rectus abdominis

Vertebral Column: Abdominal Wall Musculature: Transversus Abdominis Attachment (2) Function (2)

Attachment Lower 3-4 ribs Coxal Bone Function Pulls lower ribs downward Forces front and side of the abdominal wall inward

Vertebral Column: Flexors Scalene Muscles: (3)

Anterior Scalenes Middle Scalenes Posterior Scalenes

Vertebral Column: Flexors Scalene Muscles: Function (2) Nerve innervation (1)

Function: Flexion at the neck Act as accessory muscles of respiration Nerve Innervation: Cervical Nerves

Vertebral Column: Extensors (2)

Erector spinae group Transversospinales group

Respiration: Inspire: Functions (2)

Inspire (Breath In) Functions: Smell Get oxygen to lungs

Respiration: Expire: Functions (3)

Expire (Breathe Out) Functions: Get carbon dioxide out Cough speak

Respiration: Structures Upper Respiratory Tract: (4)

Sinuses Nose Nasal Cavity Pharynx

Respiration: Upper Respiratory Tract Sinuses:

Air filled spaces in the skull Mucus can drain out and air is able to flow through sinuses

Respiration: Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity: Location

Location: Extends from External Nares -> Internal Nares

Respiration: Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity: Conchae (3) / Function

Folds of tissue (turbinates) Conchae Superior Nasal Conchae Middle Nasal Conchae Inferior Nasal Conchae

Respiration: Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity: Function (2)

Function: Primary passageway for air entering respiratory system Narrow passageway between conchae ensures air comes into contact with nasal mucosa (humidify)

Respiration: Upper Respiratory Tract Pharynx Components (3)

Components Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngophraynx

Respiration: Upper Respiratory Tract Pharynx Function

Function: Passageway for air entering respiratory system

Respiration: Structures Lower Respiratory Tract: (4)

Larynx Trachea Bronchus Broncioles

Respiration: Structures Lower Respiratory Tract: Function

Function Contains the gas exchanging part of the apparatus

Respiration: Structures Lower Respiratory Tract: Pulmonary airways: Components (4)

Components Larynx Trachea Brochi Brochioles

Respiration: Structures Lower Respiratory Tract: Lungs Components (3)

Components Left & Right Lungs Lobes Alveoli (Alveolar Sacs)

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Layrnx Location

Location: Above trachea

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Layrnx Structural Elements / Function

Structural Elements / Function Epiglottis Lid over the glottis. Prevents food into trachea Glottis Opening in the larynx Vocal folds Produce sounds through phonation (vibrations with expiration of air)

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea Location Structure (2)

Location: Anterior to oesophagus Inferior to larynx Main function: Carry air in and out of lungs Structural Components -> Funciton Posterior c-shaped cartilage rings Allows the tube to flex when breathing Prevents collapse of trachea Carina Where trachea divides into two for right and left lungs

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchi Branches Structure (5) Function

Structure: Large tubes connected to trachea Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles Smaller branches Terminal Bronchioles Function: Directs airflow to your lungs

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchi Branches Bronchodilation:

Process: Increase air flow by increasing diameter of Bronchi

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchi Branches Bronchoconstriction:

Process Decreases airflow by decreasing diameter of Bronchi

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Conducting zones: Structures Upper respiratory system (3) Lower respiratory system (5) Function

Structures: Upper respiratory system: Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Lower respiratory system Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Functions: Not involved in gas exchange Provides passageways that allow air -> alveoli

Respiration: Lower Respiratory Tract: Respiratory Zones Structures (4) Function

Structures Respiratory Bronchioles (after terminal bronchioles) Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Function: Participate in gas exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract: Process

Conducing zones: Larynx -> Trachea - > Primary Bronchi (at the carina) -> Secondary Bronchi (lobar) -> Tertiary Bronchi (segmental) -> Bronchioles -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Respiratory zones: Respiratory Bronchioles -> Alveolar ducts -> Alveolar sacs -> Alveoli (wrapped with capillaries)

Lungs Function Structure (2)

Function: Organ for breathing Structure: Porous, spongy cone shaped Right Lung Lobes Superior Middle Inferior Left Lung Lobes Superior Inferior Less lobes for heart

Lungs: Pleural membranes & fluid Structures (3) Function

Structure: Visceral Pleura Thin membrane around each lung Parietal Pleura Inner chest wall Parietal Flud Fluid between parietal pleura and visceral pleura Function Pleural linkage Acts to connect the lungs to the chest Allows the expansion of the ribcage to translate to expansion of the lungs