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Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy > Module 4 - Thorax > Flashcards

Module 4 - Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration requires

A

Muscular effort

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2
Q

Do lungs contain muscles? Can they move on their own?

A

No

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3
Q

Respiration:
How do lungs move? (3)

A

1 - thoracic rib cage = mechanical pump for lungs

2 - lungs stick to the thoracic cavity walls

3 - Muscles on ribs + bony thorax drive the pump

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4
Q

Breathing apparatus:

3 subdivisions

Pulmonary apparatus: (2)
Chest Wall (4)
Pulmonary-chest wall unit

A

1 - Pulmonary (lungs) apparatus
lungs
airways

2 - Chest Wall
Rib cage
Abdominal wall
Diaphragm
Abdominal context

3 - Pulmonary Chest Wall Unit
Pulmonary apparatus
Chest Wall

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5
Q

Rib Cage: Structures (5)

A

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

Clavicles 2x

Ribs (12 pairs)
True / Direct: 1-7
False / Indirect: 8-10
Floating: 11-12

Costal Cartilage

Sternum
Manubrium (handle)
Body of Sternum
Xiphoid Process

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6
Q

Rib Cage:

Cavities (2)

A

Superior Thoracic Aperture
T1 + Rib 1 + Manubrium (sternum)

Inferior Throracic Aperture
T12 + Rib 12 + Costal Margin

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7
Q

Rib Cage: Cavities

Superior Thoracic Aperture:

Components

What passes through?
Vessels, Nerves, Organs

A

Components:
T1
Rib 1
Sternum (Manubrium)

Vessels
Jugular Veins
Carotid Arteries

Nerves
Phrenic Nerves
Vagus Nerve

Organs
Esophagus
Trachea

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8
Q

Rib Cage: Cavities

Inferior Thoracic Aperture:
What passes through?
Vessels, Nerves, Organs

A

Vessels
Vena Cava (Vein)
Aorta artery

Nerves
Phrenic Nerve

Organ
Esophagus

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9
Q

Individual rib structure:

Posterior -> anterior
(8)

A

Posterior -> Anterior

Thoracic vertebrae->
Costovertebral joint
Articulator facets
Head
Neck
Costal angle
Shaft
Costal groove
Costochondral joint
Costal cartilage

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10
Q

Rib Cage: Joints (3)

A

Costovertebral joint: connects rib to vertebrae

Costochondral joint: connects rib to costal cartilage

Costosternal joint: connects costal cartilage to sternum

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11
Q

Ribs (1-12)

True Ribs
False Ribs
Floating ribs

A

True Ribs
1-7

False Ribs
8-10

Floating Ribs
11-12

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12
Q

Rib Movement Origin:

Elevation & depression of ribs occur at____

Facets: (3)

A

Costovertebral joints

Facets
Transverse costal facet
Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet

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13
Q

True Ribs

Movement
Volume increase

A

Rib 1-7

Pump handle movement
Sternum moves anteriorly

Volume increase
Anteroposterior volume

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14
Q

False Rib

Movement
Volume

A

Rib 8-10

Bucket handle movement
Ribs move superiorly
Laterally

Volume
Increase in lateral volume

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15
Q

Muscles of the thorax:

Main muscles (3)
Accessory muscles (2)

A

Main Muscles
Diaphragm
External Intercostal Muscles
Internal Intercostal Muscles

Accessory Muscles
Accessory Inspiratory Muscles
Accessory Expiratory Muscles

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16
Q

Thoracic Diaphragm

Location
Function
Innervation

A

Location
Between thoracic & Abdominal cavities

Function
Primary muscle for inspiration

Attachments
Inferior border of rib cage
Xiphoid process
Vertebral Column

Innervation
Phrenic Nerve (General somatic efferent neurons)
From Cervical Nerves 3,4,5 keeps you alive

17
Q

Thoracic Diaphragm

Movement
Inspiration ->volume
Expiration -> volume

A

Resting position: domed

Inspiration
Flattens (contracted)
Increase thoracic cavity volume

Expiration
Diaphragm snap back to domed position
Decrease thoracic cavity volume

18
Q

Intercostal Muscles (2)

Innervation
Attachments

A

Intercostal Muscles
External intercostal muscle
Internal Intercostal muscle

Innervation
Intercostal Nerves

Attachments
Between ribs

19
Q

External Intercostal Muscles

Function
Attachment
Fibre running direction
Movement -> Volume

A

Function
Inspirate

Attachment
Rib below -> Rib above
R1-R12 (11 pairs)

Fibre Running direction
Hand in pocket orientation
Runs from vertebral column to end of rib towards sternum

Movement
Elevate ribs -> increase thoracic cavity

20
Q

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Function
Attachment
Fibre running direction
Movement -> Volume

A

Function
Expirate

Attachment
From Rib above to rib below
Rib 1-12 (11 pairs)

Fibre running direction
Opposite direction to external fibres
Fibre begin near sternal aspect and end at vertebral column

Movement
Depress ribs -> decrease in thoracic cavity volume

21
Q

Accessory Inspiratory Group:

Anterior Cervical group: (2)

Function

A

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles

Anterior Cervical Group:
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid

Function
Elevates top and anterior rib cage -> increase Thoracic Cavity volue

22
Q

Accessory Inspiratory Group:

Anterior Thorax group: (4)

Function

A

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles

Anterior Thorax group:
Pectoralis major & minor
Subclavius
Transversus thoracis
Serratus anterior

Function:
Elevates upper ribs

23
Q

Accessory Inspiratory Group:

Posterior & Lateral thoracic group (2)

Function

A

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles

Posterior & lateral thoracic group
Deep extensor back muscles
Superficial back muscles
Serratus posterior
Latissimus dorsi

Function:
Extend vertebral column (extend rib cage)

24
Q

Accessory Expiratory Muscles

Abdominal Muscles (4)
Function

A

Accessory Expiratory Muscles

Abdominal Muscles
Rectus Abdominis
External Obliques
Internal Obliques
Transversus Abdominis

Function
Pulls down lower ribs ->causing expiration
Squeezes abdomen -> Transfers upward pressure on diaphragm

25
Q

Respiration cycle:

seconds

A

One inspiration and one expiration at rest

4 seconds at rest

26
Q

Respiration rate:

A

Approximately 15 cycles / minute

27
Q

Normal respiratory Cycle

Inspiration: %
Expiration: %

A

Normal Respiratory cycle:

Inspiration: 40%
Expiration: 60%

28
Q

Conversation respiratory Cycle

Inspiration: %
Expiration: %

A

Conversation Respiratory cycle:

Inspiration: 10%
Expiration: 90%

Speech is produced during exhaled air

29
Q

Lung Volume (4)

Tidal Volume (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Vital Capacity

A

Tidal Volume:
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of extra air inhaled, after tidal volume, during forced inspiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of extra air exhaled, after tidal volume, during forced expiration

Vital Capacity
Total usable volume of the lungs that you can control.
Not the total lung capacity it is impossible to breathe out all of the air in your lungs

30
Q

Intrapleural pressure

Function
Structures (3)

A

Function
Links rib cage movements to lung movements via intrapleural pressure (negative pressure) created between visceral and parietal pleural membranes

Structures
Parietal pleural membrane (thoracic rib cage)
Visceral Pleural membrane (lungs)
Pleural fluid

31
Q

Boyles Law (3)

A

Air moves from high pressure -> low pressure
When volume increases -> pressure decreases
When volume decreases -> pressure increases

32
Q

Mechanism of ventilation

Inhalation (4)

A

Increase in thoracic cavity
Decrease in pressure
Pressure outside > than pressure inside
Air rushes in (high -> low)

33
Q

Mechanism of ventilation

Exhalation (4)

A

Decrease in thoracic cavity
Increase in pressure
Pressure inside > pressure outside
Air rushes out (high -> low)

34
Q

Forces for breathing

Active forces
Passive forces

A

Active forces
Muscles
Dependent on air volume
Greater volume -> greater forces

Passive forces
Natural recoil forces of
Ribs
Muscles
Lungs
gravity

35
Q

Types of Inspiration

A

Air moves to lungs driven by low pressures

Quiet inspiration
Thoracic diaphragm flattens to increase volume of thoracic cavity
External intercostal muscles

Forced inspiration
External intercostal muscles
Accessory Inspiratory Muscles

36
Q

Types of expiration

A

Air moves out of lungs due to high pressures

Quiet expiration
Recoil of thoracic diaphragm and rib and muscles

Forced expiration
Internal intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles

37
Q

Automatic/ Tidal Breathing:

Neural control:

A

Neural Control:

Medulla (Brainstem)

38
Q

Voluntary acts of breathing (speaking, singing, breath holding)

Neural control:

A

Neural control:

Cerebrum

Overrides brainstem

39
Q

Dysfunctions:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Characteristics
Treatment

A

Lung disease
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic asthma

Treatment:
No treatment, but can slow progression and relieve symptoms

Sem 2 - SPHY102 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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