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Genetics > module 6 gen 8-10 > Flashcards

module 6 gen 8-10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are recombination events considered rare?

A

Recombination events occur less frequently than mutations, especially within specific regions of DNA.

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2
Q

What is meant by “wild type”?

A

Wild type refers to the normal or most common phenotype or genotype found in a population.

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3
Q

What is the potential outcome of recombination between two independent mutations in the same gene?

A

The outcome could be the restoration of functional protein, leading to the wild-type phenotype

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4
Q

What is the significance of rare recombination events within a gene?

A

Rare recombination can restore the original wild-type sequence by swapping mutated segments with wild-type segments.

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5
Q

How is a gene defined in the context of mutations?

A

A gene is a linear arrangement of nucleotides that encodes for a specific protein or function.

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6
Q

What happens when two independent mutations occur in the same gene?

A

They may affect the gene’s function but can potentially be restored to wild-type through recombination.

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7
Q

seymor benzer did a

A

recombination analysis

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8
Q

seymor benzer proposed

A

if a gene is a inear set of nucleotides then recombination between
homologous chromosomes carrying different mutations within the
same gene should generate wild-type phage(

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9
Q

Benzer studied a mutation that
leads to

A

very rapid lysis of
bacteria

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10
Q

seymor benzer used ____ as an experimental system

A

T4 phage

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11
Q

T4 is _____ , but several different strains can infect E. coli
_______

A

haploid; simultaneously

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12
Q

Different viral genomes can ______

A

recombine

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13
Q

There is a large number of progeny to detect rare

A

recombination events (screening)

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14
Q

Only recombinant phages could

A

proliferate

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15
Q

Lytic Phage Life Cycle

A

1.phage injects dna into host cell
2.phage proteins made.dna replicated. host chromosome degrades
3.assembly of phages in host cell
4.lysis of host cell

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16
Q

the mutation seymor studied generated ______ (with sharper edges).

A

larger plaques

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17
Q

the mutation seymor studied also helped the viruses

A

lyse their hosts earlier.

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18
Q

benzor saw that II- mutants can infect E coli K but

A

cannot get that strain of bacteria to
make (more) viral particles

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19
Q

benzer concluded (3)

A

-A gene consists of different parts and each can mutate

-Gene is a linear arrangement of nucleotides and
recombination between different mutable parts can generate
a normal, wild-type allele

-A gene only performs its normal function if all components
are wild-type

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20
Q

How a Genotype Causes a Phenotype

A
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21
Q

Scientists learn about normal gene function by looking at

A

the disrupted, broken or diseased state

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22
Q

Archibald Garrod studied

A

a metabolic disease (alkaptonuria)

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23
Q

after studying alkaptonuria garrod determined

A

that the sick family members lack an enzyme due to a mutation

24
Q

beadle and tatum proposed

A

One Gene, One Enzymes in 1940s

25
Q

beadle and tatum proposed

A

isolated mutagen-induced mutants that disrupted synthesis of arginine, an amino acid required for Neurospora
crassa growth

26
Q

Auxotroph

A

needs supplement to grow on minimal media

27
Q

Prototroph

A

wild-type that needs no supplement; can synthesize
all required growth factors

28
Q

beadle and tatum experiment setup

A

Several strains that could not
grow without arginine in the
medium were isolated

29
Q

Beadle & Tatum Recombination analysis located ____

A

mutations

30
Q
A
31
Q

Beadle & Tatum located mutations

A

in four distinct
regions of genome

32
Q

beatle and tatum had Complementation tests that showed each of four regions correlated

A

with different complementation group

33
Q

since each region correlated with a different complementation group it meant

A

each was a different gene

34
Q

what were the 4 different regions called

A

ARG-E, ARG-H, ARG-F, ARG-G

35
Q

Beatle and Tatum experiment results (3)

A

Each mutation destroys the function of an enyzme
* Each gene controls the activity of an enzyme
* => One gene, one enzyme

36
Q

what happened with beatle and tatum experiment results

A

one gene one enzyme had to be modified

37
Q

beatle and tatum experiment setup

A

Organism: They used the bread mold Neurospora crassa.

Mutant Isolation: Spores were exposed to X-rays to induce mutations, creating strains with defects in nutrient synthesis.

Growth Conditions: Mutant strains were placed on minimal media with added specific amino acids to determine which nutrients allowed growth.

Analysis: If a mutant could only grow with a specific amino acid, it indicated a mutation affecting the enzyme responsible for its synthesis.

38
Q

Proteins are linear polymers of

A

amino acids

39
Q

proteins are linked by

A

peptide bonds

40
Q

_____different amino acids are building blocks of proteins

A

20

41
Q

each amino acid has

A

amino group, carboxyl group

42
Q

amino group and carboxyl group attached to

A

core carbon

43
Q

attached to core carbon is

A

R group

44
Q

why is R group important

A

R is the side chain that distinguishes each amino acid

45
Q

proteins have a

A

direction

46
Q

left side of polypeptide bonds is the_______
right side of polypeptide bond is the_____

A

left- N terminus
right-C terminus

47
Q

missense mutation can cause

A

sickle cell

48
Q

Effect of a Sequence Change on Proteins

normal hemoglobin
3’CTGACTCCTG-A-GGAGAAGTCT5

3’CTGACTCCTG-T-GGAGAAGTCT5

what type of change is this and what does this cause

A

missense change, causes sickle cell

49
Q

change in bases causes a change ______

A

amino acids

50
Q

proteins primary structure is

A

the amino acid sequence

51
Q

The amino acid sequence (primary structure) puts limitations on

A

the 3D structure of the protein

52
Q

proteins second structure is normally a

A

alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet

53
Q

secondary structure forms cause

A

interactions with side chains of amino acids

54
Q

tertiary structure of proteins is formed by

A

folding of secondary structure

55
Q

what type of structure does myoglobin have

A

tertiary

56
Q

side chains help determine

A

protein structure

57
Q

quaternary structure is when

A

more then one polypeptide forms to make a protein

Genetics (29 decks)

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