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Genetics > Module 6 1-8 > Flashcards

Module 6 1-8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutations are

A

heritable changes in base sequences that modify the information content of DNA

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2
Q

Forward mutation

A

changes wild-type to (a different) mutant allele

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3
Q

Reverse mutation

A

causes mutant allele to revert back to wild-type(reversion)

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4
Q

(reversion)

A

mutant allele to revert back to wild-type

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5
Q

mutations Can be used as a tool of

A

genetic analysis

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6
Q

substitution

A

base is replaced by
one of the other three bases

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7
Q

deletion

A

block of one or more
DNA pairs is lost

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8
Q

insertion

A

block of one or more
DNA pairs is adde

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9
Q

types of mutations

A

point mutations(base substitution) and frameshift mutations

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10
Q

types of point mutation

A

silence, missense, nonsense

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11
Q

types of framshift mutation

A

deletion or insertion

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12
Q

What is this an example of

THE CAT ATE THE RAT

HEC ATA TET HER AT

A

framshift mutation

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13
Q

example of

I HAVE A CAT

I HAVE A RAT

A

missense mutation

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14
Q

Mutations affecting phenotype occur

A

very rarely

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15
Q

Different genes mutate at

A

different rates

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16
Q

Different species have

A

different mutation rates

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17
Q

The mitochondrial genome has a ________ mutation rate than the
nuclear genome

A

different

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18
Q

Rate of forward mutation is almost always _____ than rate of reverse
mutation

A

higher

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19
Q

Mutation rate in human sperm is _____ than in human eggs.

A

higher

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20
Q

Resistance arises from mutations that exist ______ exposure
to bacteriocide

A

before

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21
Q

After exposure to bacteriocide, the bacteriocide becomes a _______

A

selective agent

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22
Q

selective agents kill ___ allowing _____ cells to live

A

the nonresistant cells; preexisting

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23
Q

mutations occur _____ at any time

A

randomly

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24
Q

Mutations ______ in particular genes as a direct response to environmental change

A

do not arise

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25
Q

Luria and Delbruck Experiment tried to answer the question (2)

A

Do mutations occur spontaneously or are they a reaction to a selection pressure?

did they mutate before infection to after infection to allow survival

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26
Q

before the Luria and Delbruck experiment it was known that some bacteria can

A

survive infection with bacteriophages

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27
Q

first pediction of luria and delbruck experiment

A

parallel cultures of bacteria should all show roughly same number
of resistant colonies (induced by infection)

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28
Q

second prediction of luria and delbruck experiment

A

if mutations are random and occur before treatment, parallel
cultures should display varying amounts of resistant colonies

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29
Q

ledeberg experiment design-

A

bacteria was infected with bacteriaphage and cultures plated onto petri dishes resulted in varied numbers of resistence to bacteriaphage. reistence was random supports hypothesis 2

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30
Q

ledeberg experiment also tested to see

A

if mutations were spontanious or induced

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31
Q

what was the experiment premise for ledeberg experiment

A

replica plating

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32
Q

ledeberg experiment: what happened

A

petri dish with number 1 senstive and resistence bacteria to antibiotics when velvet palced over stamper bacteria can be picked up on velvet which is then placed in petri dish with penecilin. only reistsnt colony forms.

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33
Q

result of ledeberg experiment

A

resistent were all in the same area. which means mutation occurs. and not a result of penecillin.

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34
Q

what Causes-Chemical and Physical Assaults (2 ways)

A

wild type-> natural process of mutagen-> dna damage->dna replication-> mutation

wild type-> natural process of replication in prescense of mutagen-> dna base sequence error->dna replication-> mutation

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35
Q

mutations can be avoided by

A

DNA repair

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36
Q

mutations can be ____ or caused by _____

A

spontaneous; mutagens

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37
Q

what 2 different processes can mutagens do to cause changes in DNA

A

depurination, deamination

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38
Q

depurination

A

Process: This occurs when a purine base (adenine or guanine) is lost from the DNA molecule, creating an apurinic site (AP site).

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39
Q

depurination effect

A

When DNA is replicated, the absence of the base can lead to the incorporation of an incorrect base (often adenine), potentially resulting in a mutation.

40
Q

deamination

A

Deamination involves the removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base. For instance, cytosine can be converted to uracil, and adenine can be converted to hypoxanthine.

41
Q

deamination effect

A

This can lead to base pairing changes during DNA replication. For example, uracil pairs with adenine instead of guanine, which can result in a transition mutation (changing a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine or a purine to another purine

42
Q

can radiation cause mutations?

A

yes

43
Q

radiation can cause

A

mass deletions

44
Q

radiation with light can cause

A

thymin dimers/pyrimidine dimers

45
Q

thymine dimers/pyrimidine dimers can cause problems with

A

dna rpelication

46
Q

mutations can be caused by oxidation from ________

A

free radicals

47
Q

oxidation from free radicals can cause

A

incorrect nucleitide inserted making mutant sequence

48
Q

mutations can also be caused by

A

Unequal crossing over can cause insertions and deletions

Transposable elements can jump into genes.

49
Q

what enzyme proofreads

A

polymerase

50
Q

when wrong base is added proofreading enzyme will

A

excise wrong base, and add correct one

51
Q

base tautomers can cause mutations by

A

base tautamer is placed in location and alters base pairing abilities

52
Q

trionucleotide expansions seen with

A

fragile x and hutchinsons disease

53
Q

Trinucleotide Expansions Can Destroy

A

Gene Function

54
Q

Trinucleotide Expansions mechanism?

A

unknown maybe a “stutter” during replication

55
Q

Trinucleotide can either have ______ or _____

A

repeat expansion or repeat contraction

56
Q

Mutations Can be Fixed
by

A

enymes

57
Q

base excision repair

A

altered base removed->endonuclease cuts at apurinic site->exonuclease remove nucleotides near cut->polymerase fills cut->ligase seals cut

58
Q

Nucleotide Excision
repair

A

Enzymes release
damaged regions of
DNA. Repair is then
completed by DNA
polymerase and DNA
ligase

59
Q

types of mutation repairs

A

Nucleotide Excision
repair

base excision repair

60
Q

severe mutagens can break

A

both strands

61
Q

when severe mutagens break both strands how do enzymes fix this

A

enzymes come in, trim edges, then join together with ligase

this process uses additional proteins

62
Q

double stranded break fixes are normally very

A

error prone

63
Q

Methyl-directed mismatch
repair in bacteria

A

Fixes uncorrected mistakes of
DNA polymerase

64
Q

methal tags are on

A

parental strand

65
Q

______ Mutagens can be used to increase mutation rates

A

mutagens

66
Q

H. J. Muller – first discovered that

A

x rays increase mutation rates in drosphilia

67
Q

the more x rays the more

A

mutations

68
Q

scientists can use chemical mutagens to replace a

A

base

69
Q

chemicals that can alter base by

A

hydroxylating agents, alkalyzing agents, or deaminating agents

70
Q

some chemical mutagens act as

A

Intercalating agents

71
Q

Intercalating agents inserts itself between

A

base pairs

72
Q

when Intercalating agents inserts itself between base pairs

A

effects dna replication, leads to insertions and deletions

73
Q

Intercalating ___________ allows us to see DNA using UV light

A

ethidium bromide

74
Q

Germ line mutations

A

passed on to next generation and
affect the evolution of species

75
Q

Somatic mutations

A

affect the survival of an individual

76
Q

cell cycle mutations fall under

A

somatic mutations

77
Q

cell cycle mutations can cause

A

cancer

78
Q

Because of potential harmful effects of mutagens to individuals, tests have been developed to identify _____

A

carcinogens

79
Q

carcinogens

A

cancer causing

80
Q

ames test was developed by

A

bruce ames in 1974

81
Q

ames test is used to identify possible

A

carcinogens

82
Q

what are the 2 major consequences of mutations

A

germ line mutation
somatic mutation

83
Q

bruce ames used salmonella since it had

A

a mutation already

84
Q

ames test-

A

contorl experiment- histodine, and rat liver enzyme mixed and plaed onto medium with no histodine. few bacteria colonies

experiment- histodine, rate liver enzyme, and thing being tested for mutagen. mixture is placed onto medium with no histodine. many bacteria colonies form

85
Q

bacteria used in ames is

A

his- mutant bacteria

86
Q

his- bacteria cant make histodine and cant make histodine unless

A

back mutation which allowd bacteria to produce histodine.

87
Q

Salmonella strain has a mutation in a gene necessary to make the amino acid

A

histodine

88
Q

The strain is histidine auxotroph

A

– it is unable to grow without
added histidine

89
Q

Revertants

A

will grow on minimal medium plates without
histidine

90
Q

what do revertents due for salmonella strain taht cant grow histodine

A

will make new mutations that re-establish ability to make histidine

91
Q

the salmonella strain also has a mutation that

A

inactivate NER (nucleotide encision repair) , and a mutation that makes cell wall more permeable for chemicals

92
Q

Complementation testing tells us whether

A

wo mutations are in the same or
different genes

93
Q

no complementation means mutations are

A

in the same gane

94
Q

complementation means mutations are in

A

differeent genes

95
Q

If a gene is linear then

A

mutations should be able to occur
independently in the same gene in different locations

f a gene is linear, recombination within a gene should restore
wild type

Genetics (29 decks)

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