Module 5 1-4 Flashcards
1
Q
early analysis of composition of genes was done by ____ in ___
A
Friedrich Miescher;1869
2
Q
Friedrich Miescher examined
A
Extracts from nuclei of human white blood cells
3
Q
when friedrich examined Extracts from nuclei of human white blood cells he found that they were
A
weakly, and contained phosphurus
4
Q
what did friedrich call what he examined
A
nuclein
5
Q
after chemical analysis it was found that nuclein was
A
DNA
6
Q
DNA was determiend to have 3 features which are
A
phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar that lacks hydroxygroup
7
Q
a ribose sugar that lacks hydroxygroup is called
A
deoxy
8
Q
in nucleic acids the Backbone is made up of
A
chain of alternating
phosphate and sugar
9
Q
Nucleotide is made up of
A
sugar+phosphate group+nitrogenous base
10
Q
how many different nucleotides are in
DNA
A
four
11
Q
how many different building blocks are there
A
4
12
Q
how many different nitrogenous bases are there
A
4
13
Q
RNA is ______ sugar
A
ribose
14
Q
DNA is _______ sugar
A
deoxyribose
15
Q
DNA has what nucleotide that RNA doesnt
A
Thymine
16
Q
What Nucleotide does RNA have that DNA doesnt
A
Uracil
17
Q
RNA is usually _______ stranded
A
single
18
Q
DNA is usually _____ stranded
A
double
19
Q
In the early 20th century, the prevailing assumption was that
genes were made of ___
A
proteins
20
Q
why did people think genes were made of proteins?
A
proteins have 20 building blocks and dna only has 4. which means more potential variation.
More protein by weight in chromosome then DNA.
21
Q
When was the Frederick Griffith Experiment
A
1928
22
Q
what is Streptococcus pneumoniae known for
A
its bacteria that frederick griffith experimented on
23
Q
what did frederick griffith experiment on
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
24
Q
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of
A
pneumonia
25
Frederick Experiments help determine that DNA is a
genetic material
26
what 2 variety of streptococcus pneumoniae did frederick griffith observe
smooth strain and rough strain
27
describe smooth strain of streptococcus pneumoniae
polyssacharide capsule, virulence
28
virulence
harmful
29
what does polyssacharide capsule in smooth strain of streptococcus help do
avoid hostile immune system.
30
describe rough strain of streptococcus pneumoniae
no capsule, not virulent
31
why doesnt rough strain of SP have a capsule
because mutation in an enzyme makes capsule.
32
why isnt rough strain of SP virulent
because it lacks a polysaccharide capsule, which is the key virulence factor that protects the bacteria from the host immune system
33
frederick injected what animal with SP
mouse
34
mouse infected with Smooth SP would
die
35
mouse infected with rough SP would
live
36
when he heat treated smooth SP the mouse
lived
37
mouse with heat treated smooth SP and Rough SP would
die
38
when isolated bacteria from blood of dead mice after heat streated smooth and rough sp what did he find
Smooth strain of SP
39
frederick thought that the R strain transofmred into the S bacteria
S strain
40
frederick thoguht that after mixing R bacteria with heat-killed
S bacteria
41
the takeaways from frederick griffiths experiment was that the transformation was most likely
genetic
42
why did they think genetics was Dna based after frederick griffith experiment
proteins denature irreversibly in heat
43
proteins denaturing in heta is called
transformation
44
transformation also takes place in
vitro
45
who performed the mccarty experiment
Avery, MacLeod
46
purpose of McCarty Experiment
Characterize the “transforming principle” from the
Frederick Griffith experiment
47
summary of frederick griffith experimemnt oddity
dead d strain and r strain mixed and with time made living s strain
48
describe mccarty experiment
treated combination of smooth Dead S strain and R strain with Protease, dnase, rnase, and ultracentifiguration
49
when combination was treated with protease was their transformation
yea, S strain remained
50
when combination was treated with rnase was their transformation
yes,S strain remained
51
when combination was treated with dnase was their transformation
no, stayed R strain
52
when combination was treated with ultracentrifiguration was their transformation
yea, S strain remained
53
what does Dnase, Rnase, ultraCentrifiguration, and protease do.
protease- protein destroyed
Dnase- dna eliminated
Rnase- rna destroyed
Ultracentrifiguration- fats eliminated
54
since the Dnase experiment was tehe only one to keep R strain it meant that
there is a predominance it DNA
55
what year was the hershey and chase blender experiment
1952
56
what was the final result from hershey chase experiment
Final evidence that DNA is genetic materia
57
describe hershey and chase blender experiment
Two separate cultures of bacteria were infected with T2
* One culture contained medium with radioactive phosphate (32P)
* The other culture contained medium with radioactive sulfur (35S)
* They used “aliquots” of each culture to infect fresh bacteria cultures
* Using a blender, they separated the T2 protein coats attached to
bacteria from the bacteria
Centrifuged the solution
58
what happened in hershey and chase blender experiment
They followed the life cycle of a virus (bacteriophage) that
infects bacteria
59
what does Centrifuged the solution do
Heavier bacterial cells migrated to the bottom, and Lighter protein coats stayed in the supernatant
60
sulfar is incorporated in
proteins
61
phosphurus is incorporated in
nucleic acids
62
this experiment should have helped hersy and xhase track where
proteins and nucelic acids were
63
A ________ is a liquid or medium which remains above a pellet after ______ and is composed of lighter or smaller materials.
supernatent;centrifuation
64
denser particles migrate toward the bottom of the tube to eventually form a
pellet
65
what amino acids contain sulfur
cysteine and methionine
66
in T2 phage DNA enters
bacterial cell
67
DNA causes bacterial cell to make more
bacteriaphage
68
how many steps is lifecycle of bacteriaphage
5
69
what is the lifecycle of T2 bacteriaphage
phage attaches to bacteria
phage injects Genes into host cell
Phage DNA Replicates
Phage particles assemble
cells bursts releasing new phage
70
when p32 was used radiactivity was in bacterial hopst and not bacterialphage floating in supernatant
71
s35 was not contained in bacterial cell, which will now start making bacterial phae, it was in bacteriaphage coats.
72
DNA is ______
Universal
73
how many domains of life are there
3
74
the three domains of life use DNA for
store genetic
information
75
viruses use ____ or ____
DNA;RNA
76
hershy and chase blender experiment S35 life cycle
t2 phage-> infect e-coli and grow in s35 containing medium -> phages become infected with s35 DNA->introduce phages into bacterial culture->(blend breifly)->radioactivity recovered in host and passed on t phage progemy
77
hershy and chase blender experiment P32 life cycle
t2 phage-> infect e-coli and grow in P32 containing medium -> phages become infected with p32 DNA->introduce phages into bacterial culture->(blend breifly)->radioactivity recovered in ghost phage ghosts
78
in cambridge england in the 1950s researchers were racing to
elucidate the molecular structure of DNA
79
in the 1950s scientists knew
DNA consists of nucleotides, chargaffs rule, DNA can create a regular x-ray diffraction pattern
80
chargaffs rule developed by
erwin chargaff
81
chargaffs rule was
all dna there was the same amount of adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guamine
82
since DNA can create a regular x-ray diffraction pattern it suggested
DNA must have a regular structure
83
in chargaffs ratios you can see
there are almost an equal percent of A and T, and almost equal C and G
84
who found x-ray Crystallography of DNA
rosalind frankline, and maurice wilkens
85
X ray differaction pattern can be seen in ______ taken by rosalind frankin
photo 51
86
what 2 man put information from rosalind frankling Crystallography toether
james watson and francis crick
87
james watson and francis crick made a
DNA model out of metal parts and pieces. it was double helix
88
double helix looks like a
ladder with twist
89
Adenine and thymine are bound by
2 hydrogen bonds
90
cytosine and guamine are bound by
3 hydrogen bonds
91
describe double helix
outside is sugar and phosphate, and facing inward is bases connected by hydrogen.
92
always _____ and ______ being paired up
purine and pyrimidine
93
how many bases are across inside of double helix
3
94
how many starnds of dna wrap around each other
2
95
1 full turn of dna doublex helix is how many base pairs
10 base pairs
96
Base pairing is _____
complementary
97
the 2 strands in dna double helix bind ___
anti-parallel
98
antiparallel means
When two strands bind to form a double
helix the 5’ end of one strand faces the 3’
end of the other strand and vice versa=ANTIPARALLEL
99
Dna has a "________"
direction
100
the two free ends of dna strands are
different
101
One end has a of DNA strand has
a phosphate bound to the
fifth carbon atom of the sugar ring (5 prime)
102
The other has end of DNA strand has
a third carbon
(hydroxy-group bound)
= 3’ (three prime)
103
the strand with a third carbon is known as a
Free strand
104
Watson and crick published their paper in what journal and when
nature; 1953
105
double helixes come in different forms
B DNA, and Z DNA
106
B DNA is
right handed
107
Z DNA is
left handed
108
What type of DNA is most often found in nature
B DNA (right handed dna)
