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Genetics > Module 5 1-4 > Flashcards

Module 5 1-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

early analysis of composition of genes was done by ____ in ___

A

Friedrich Miescher;1869

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2
Q

Friedrich Miescher examined

A

Extracts from nuclei of human white blood cells

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3
Q

when friedrich examined Extracts from nuclei of human white blood cells he found that they were

A

weakly, and contained phosphurus

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4
Q

what did friedrich call what he examined

A

nuclein

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5
Q

after chemical analysis it was found that nuclein was

A

DNA

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6
Q

DNA was determiend to have 3 features which are

A

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar that lacks hydroxygroup

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7
Q

a ribose sugar that lacks hydroxygroup is called

A

deoxy

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8
Q

in nucleic acids the Backbone is made up of

A

chain of alternating
phosphate and sugar

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9
Q

Nucleotide is made up of

A

sugar+phosphate group+nitrogenous base

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10
Q

how many different nucleotides are in
DNA

A

four

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11
Q

how many different building blocks are there

A

4

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12
Q

how many different nitrogenous bases are there

A

4

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13
Q

RNA is ______ sugar

A

ribose

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14
Q

DNA is _______ sugar

A

deoxyribose

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15
Q

DNA has what nucleotide that RNA doesnt

A

Thymine

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16
Q

What Nucleotide does RNA have that DNA doesnt

A

Uracil

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17
Q

RNA is usually _______ stranded

A

single

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18
Q

DNA is usually _____ stranded

A

double

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19
Q

In the early 20th century, the prevailing assumption was that
genes were made of ___

A

proteins

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20
Q

why did people think genes were made of proteins?

A

proteins have 20 building blocks and dna only has 4. which means more potential variation.

More protein by weight in chromosome then DNA.

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21
Q

When was the Frederick Griffith Experiment

A

1928

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22
Q

what is Streptococcus pneumoniae known for

A

its bacteria that frederick griffith experimented on

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23
Q

what did frederick griffith experiment on

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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24
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of

A

pneumonia

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25
Q

Frederick Experiments help determine that DNA is a

A

genetic material

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26
Q

what 2 variety of streptococcus pneumoniae did frederick griffith observe

A

smooth strain and rough strain

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27
Q

describe smooth strain of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

polyssacharide capsule, virulence

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28
Q

virulence

A

harmful

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29
Q

what does polyssacharide capsule in smooth strain of streptococcus help do

A

avoid hostile immune system.

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30
Q

describe rough strain of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

no capsule, not virulent

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31
Q

why doesnt rough strain of SP have a capsule

A

because mutation in an enzyme makes capsule.

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32
Q

why isnt rough strain of SP virulent

A

because it lacks a polysaccharide capsule, which is the key virulence factor that protects the bacteria from the host immune system

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33
Q

frederick injected what animal with SP

A

mouse

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34
Q

mouse infected with Smooth SP would

A

die

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35
Q

mouse infected with rough SP would

A

live

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36
Q

when he heat treated smooth SP the mouse

A

lived

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37
Q

mouse with heat treated smooth SP and Rough SP would

A

die

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38
Q

when isolated bacteria from blood of dead mice after heat streated smooth and rough sp what did he find

A

Smooth strain of SP

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39
Q

frederick thought that the R strain transofmred into the S bacteria

A

S strain

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40
Q

frederick thoguht that after mixing R bacteria with heat-killed

A

S bacteria

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41
Q

the takeaways from frederick griffiths experiment was that the transformation was most likely

A

genetic

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42
Q

why did they think genetics was Dna based after frederick griffith experiment

A

proteins denature irreversibly in heat

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43
Q

proteins denaturing in heta is called

A

transformation

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44
Q

transformation also takes place in

A

vitro

45
Q

who performed the mccarty experiment

A

Avery, MacLeod

46
Q

purpose of McCarty Experiment

A

Characterize the “transforming principle” from the
Frederick Griffith experiment

47
Q

summary of frederick griffith experimemnt oddity

A

dead d strain and r strain mixed and with time made living s strain

48
Q

describe mccarty experiment

A

treated combination of smooth Dead S strain and R strain with Protease, dnase, rnase, and ultracentifiguration

49
Q

when combination was treated with protease was their transformation

A

yea, S strain remained

50
Q

when combination was treated with rnase was their transformation

A

yes,S strain remained

51
Q

when combination was treated with dnase was their transformation

A

no, stayed R strain

52
Q

when combination was treated with ultracentrifiguration was their transformation

A

yea, S strain remained

53
Q

what does Dnase, Rnase, ultraCentrifiguration, and protease do.

A

protease- protein destroyed
Dnase- dna eliminated
Rnase- rna destroyed
Ultracentrifiguration- fats eliminated

54
Q

since the Dnase experiment was tehe only one to keep R strain it meant that

A

there is a predominance it DNA

55
Q

what year was the hershey and chase blender experiment

A

1952

56
Q

what was the final result from hershey chase experiment

A

Final evidence that DNA is genetic materia

57
Q

describe hershey and chase blender experiment

A

Two separate cultures of bacteria were infected with T2
* One culture contained medium with radioactive phosphate (32P)
* The other culture contained medium with radioactive sulfur (35S)

  • They used “aliquots” of each culture to infect fresh bacteria cultures
  • Using a blender, they separated the T2 protein coats attached to
    bacteria from the bacteria

Centrifuged the solution

58
Q

what happened in hershey and chase blender experiment

A

They followed the life cycle of a virus (bacteriophage) that
infects bacteria

59
Q

what does Centrifuged the solution do

A

Heavier bacterial cells migrated to the bottom, and Lighter protein coats stayed in the supernatant

60
Q

sulfar is incorporated in

A

proteins

61
Q

phosphurus is incorporated in

A

nucleic acids

62
Q

this experiment should have helped hersy and xhase track where

A

proteins and nucelic acids were

63
Q

A ________ is a liquid or medium which remains above a pellet after ______ and is composed of lighter or smaller materials.

A

supernatent;centrifuation

64
Q

denser particles migrate toward the bottom of the tube to eventually form a

A

pellet

65
Q

what amino acids contain sulfur

A

cysteine and methionine

66
Q

in T2 phage DNA enters

A

bacterial cell

67
Q

DNA causes bacterial cell to make more

A

bacteriaphage

68
Q

how many steps is lifecycle of bacteriaphage

A

5

69
Q

what is the lifecycle of T2 bacteriaphage

A

phage attaches to bacteria
phage injects Genes into host cell
Phage DNA Replicates
Phage particles assemble
cells bursts releasing new phage

70
Q

when p32 was used radiactivity was in bacterial hopst and not bacterialphage floating in supernatant

A
71
Q

s35 was not contained in bacterial cell, which will now start making bacterial phae, it was in bacteriaphage coats.

A
72
Q

DNA is ______

A

Universal

73
Q

how many domains of life are there

A

3

74
Q

the three domains of life use DNA for

A

store genetic
information

75
Q

viruses use ____ or ____

A

DNA;RNA

76
Q

hershy and chase blender experiment S35 life cycle

A

t2 phage-> infect e-coli and grow in s35 containing medium -> phages become infected with s35 DNA->introduce phages into bacterial culture->(blend breifly)->radioactivity recovered in host and passed on t phage progemy

77
Q

hershy and chase blender experiment P32 life cycle

A

t2 phage-> infect e-coli and grow in P32 containing medium -> phages become infected with p32 DNA->introduce phages into bacterial culture->(blend breifly)->radioactivity recovered in ghost phage ghosts

78
Q

in cambridge england in the 1950s researchers were racing to

A

elucidate the molecular structure of DNA

79
Q

in the 1950s scientists knew

A

DNA consists of nucleotides, chargaffs rule, DNA can create a regular x-ray diffraction pattern

80
Q

chargaffs rule developed by

A

erwin chargaff

81
Q

chargaffs rule was

A

all dna there was the same amount of adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guamine

82
Q

since DNA can create a regular x-ray diffraction pattern it suggested

A

DNA must have a regular structure

83
Q

in chargaffs ratios you can see

A

there are almost an equal percent of A and T, and almost equal C and G

84
Q

who found x-ray Crystallography of DNA

A

rosalind frankline, and maurice wilkens

85
Q

X ray differaction pattern can be seen in ______ taken by rosalind frankin

A

photo 51

86
Q

what 2 man put information from rosalind frankling Crystallography toether

A

james watson and francis crick

87
Q

james watson and francis crick made a

A

DNA model out of metal parts and pieces. it was double helix

88
Q

double helix looks like a

A

ladder with twist

89
Q

Adenine and thymine are bound by

A

2 hydrogen bonds

90
Q

cytosine and guamine are bound by

A

3 hydrogen bonds

91
Q

describe double helix

A

outside is sugar and phosphate, and facing inward is bases connected by hydrogen.

92
Q

always _____ and ______ being paired up

A

purine and pyrimidine

93
Q

how many bases are across inside of double helix

A

3

94
Q

how many starnds of dna wrap around each other

A

2

95
Q

1 full turn of dna doublex helix is how many base pairs

A

10 base pairs

96
Q

Base pairing is _____

A

complementary

97
Q

the 2 strands in dna double helix bind ___

A

anti-parallel

98
Q

antiparallel means

A

When two strands bind to form a double
helix the 5’ end of one strand faces the 3’
end of the other strand and vice versa=ANTIPARALLEL

99
Q

Dna has a “________”

A

direction

100
Q

the two free ends of dna strands are

A

different

101
Q

One end has a of DNA strand has

A

a phosphate bound to the
fifth carbon atom of the sugar ring (5 prime)

102
Q

The other has end of DNA strand has

A

a third carbon
(hydroxy-group bound)
= 3’ (three prime)

103
Q

the strand with a third carbon is known as a

A

Free strand

104
Q

Watson and crick published their paper in what journal and when

A

nature; 1953

105
Q

double helixes come in different forms

A

B DNA, and Z DNA

106
Q

B DNA is

A

right handed

107
Q

Z DNA is

A

left handed

108
Q

What type of DNA is most often found in nature

A

B DNA (right handed dna)

Genetics (29 decks)

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